Indo-European languages Essay Example for Free

Indo-European languages Essay The corpus of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical and dharma texts. Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals and Buddhist practice in the forms of hymns and mantras. Spoken Sanskrit has been revised in some villages with traditional institutions, and there are attempts at further popularisation. The Sanskrit verbal adjective sa? sk? ta- may be translated as put together, constructed, well or completely formed; refined, adorned, highly elaborated. It is derived from the root sa? -skar- to put together, compose, arrange, prepare,[5] where sa? together (as English same) and (s)kar- do, make. The term in the generic meaning of made ready, prepared, completed, finished is found in the Rigveda. Also in Vedic Sanskrit, as nominalised neuter sa? sk? tam, it means preparation, prepared place and thus ritual enclosure, place for a sacrifice. As a term for refined or elaborated speech the adjective appears only in Epic and Classical Sanskrit, in the Manusmriti and in the Mahabharata. The language referred to as sa? sk? ta the cultured language has by definition always been a sacred and sophisticated language, used for religious and learned discourse in ancient India, and contrasted with the languages spoken by the people, prak? ta- natural, artless, normal, ordinary. Classical Sanskrit is the standard register as laid out in the grammar of Pa? ini, around the 4th century BCE. [6] Its position in the cultures of Greater India is akin to that of Latin and Greek in Europe and it has significantly influenced most modern languages of the Indian subcontinent, particularly in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. [7] The pre-Classical form of Sanskrit is known as Vedic Sanskrit, with the language of the Rigveda being the oldest and most archaic stage preserved, its oldest core dating back to as early as 1500 BCE. [8] This qualifies Rigvedic Sanskrit as one of the oldest attestations of any Indo-Iranian language, and one of the earliest attested members of the Indo-European languages, the family which includes English and most European languages. [9] Sanskrit, as defined by Pa? ini, had evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The beginning of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced as early as 1500–1200 BCE (for Rig-vedic and Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or Pa? inian Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations (Samhitas), theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas and Upanishads. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional view; however the early Sutras are Vedic, too, both in language and content. [10] Around the mid-1st millennium BCE, Vedic Sanskrit began the transition from a first language to a second language of religion and learning. For nearly 2,000 years, a cultural order existed that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent, East Asia. [11] A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of the Hindu Epics—the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The deviations from Pa? ini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations and not because they are pre-Paninean. [12] Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations ar? a ( ), meaning of the is, the traditional title for the ancient authors. In some contexts, there are also more prakritisms (borrowings from common speech) than in Classical Sanskrit proper. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by Middle Indic, based on early Buddhist prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees. [13] According to Tiwari (1955), there were four principal dialects of classical Sanskrit: pascimottari (Northwestern, also called Northern or Western),madhyadesi (lit. , middle country), purvi (Eastern) and dak? i? i (Southern, arose in the Classical period). The predecessors of the first three dialects are even attested in Vedic Brahma? as, of which the first one was regarded as the purest (Kau? itaki Brahma? a, 7. 6).

What role does community planning have in economic development? Essay

DBP411 – Community Planning Assignment 2 Community Planning Practice Paper What role does Community Planning have in Local Economic Development? Lecturers:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fiona Caniglia & Stuart McLaughlin Student:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Andreas Faludi Student ID:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  02534955 Due Date:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 June 2004 â€Å"Planning ahead is a measure of class. The rich and even the middle class plan for generations, but the poor can plan ahead only a few weeks or days.† Gloria Steinam, The Time Factor (1980) INTRODUCTION Unfortunately, it is true to say that many stakeholders within the broader development industry regard the bottom line of their balance sheets rather than the economic well being of locals (some of whom may be displaced during the development process) as the be all and end all. While the tangible rise in land value associated by proximity to quality developments is recognised by many, there are just as many whose economic situations become worsened. While these individuals or groups may already be homeless and residing in public housing that is to make way for new development, for example, the fact remains that their economic situation has suffered by virtue of their displacement. While community planning – planning for the community rather than just the built environment – involves all members of the community, it is more often than not focused on ensuring positive outcomes for those who are less able to voice their opinions. To continue the generalisation, these peopl e are more often than not at the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum. As many of the students from the Community Planning unit will most likely go onto conventional town planning roles within either private practice or public service, it is most important that they not only understand how to apply good town planning principles to the built environment, but also how to achieve positive community outcomes through application of these principles. Further, within this it is essential that the economic well being of the community at large (and not just its captains of industry and business owners) is guaranteed along with the more traditional and typical desired plan... ...conomic and community planners, but in vastly separate fields of expertise. By combining the two knowledge bases and implementing community plans with a view towards the economic as well as the human development, communities will be able to increase their control over their own destinies. And once this happens, the poor man too can plan for generations rather than days. REFERENCES Hossain, I. (1998). ‘An experiment in sustainable human development: the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh’, in Journal of Third World Studies, vol. XV, no. 1, pp. 39-55. Landry, C. (2000). The creative city: a toolkit for urban innovators, UK: Earthscan Publications. Smets, P. (1999). ‘Housing finance trapped in a dilemma of perceptions: affordability criteria for the urban poor in India’, in Housing Studies, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 821-838. Trainer, T. (1998). Saving the environment: what it will take, NSW: UNSW Press. Brisbane City Council, Brisbane City Plan 2000 Internet references: World Bank website: http://www.worldbank.org Online Opinion website: http://www.onlineopinion.com.au Community Economic Development Centre website: http://www2.sfu.ca/cedc/resources/online/cedconline/ceddefn.htm

Inequlity in South Asia

Efforts to solve inequality in South Asia have had no Impact. † How far do you agree? Explain your answer with reference to examples from both gender and caste inequality. In south Asia, there are critical Inequalities practicing, especially the gender and caste Inequalities. Realizing the harm that these Inequalities will bring, governments as well as non-government organizations are putting great efforts to improve this situation. However, based on what is happening right now in south Asian countries, these efforts did not really help.Although the disadvantages present much more in political positions compare to before, but the mind-set is still ingrained in people's heart. Therefore, I agree to a large extend that efforts to solve inequality in South Asia have had no impact. Politically, situation is improving with the effort of the government. It is a government's responsibility in a modern world to help the people been systematically oppressed. Governments can also promote their international image by helping the disadvantages, through reserving seats for lower caste for example.This does help in solving Inequality In amount of people who inning the government. Under the 73rd Amendment Act of the Constitution, India had proffered 33% reservation for women In rural and urban local bodies. The Parliament raised the percentage of women to 50% In local bodies in 2009. Currently, there are more than a million elected women representative in local bodies. At present, 22. 5% of places in government-funded academic institutions are set aside for Dalais and listed tribes who make up roughly 25% of the population. Therefore, there are some achievement in fighting against inequality in political Jobs.Governments also have good policy in solving the problem but they are not implemented well. Once It is out of the control of the government, it will be very hard to really be implemented. Since there are no obvious consequences, not many people will be willing to o bey the rules. A state In India had committed $15,000 to construct a new school building, $900 for a new kitchen and $400 for new school benches. But only some of the money had arrived, so no construction had started a chairman of a village said $750 had been demanded of his village committee In exchange for building permits. N Pakistan, a young married woman, Samba Impair, as shot in the office of a lawyer helping her to seek a divorce which her family could never countenance, no government minister has condemned the killing, nobody has been arrested for Samba's murder, no government minister has condemned the killing. Therefore, it is really hard to implement government's good policy to solve the problems. The most serious thing Is, public still have a strong sense of discrimination. The thousand years old mind-set is very hard to change once It is set up in people's thinking.Moreover, since some people can still benefit a lot from these Inequalities, hey will not willing to chang e their mind and give up practicing these Inequalities so easily. For Instance, Harlan, a state In north India, Is notorious for frequent murders of young men and women who transgress. Caste is still an important criteria in Five women were buried alive in Pakistan ‘honor killing' on 02 September 2008. Girl babies are killed by the mother and buried surreptitiously with the connivance of the elders in the family and some grooms are still asking for dowry.Unfortunately, education and economic development do not solve the problems: gender imbalance s more serious in richer area since more people can afford to do ultrasound check in India. Various examples around the world prove that, the ancient mind-set is wide spread in today's world in South Asia. However, think of the achievement been made in politic, there is only a very tiny amount of women or the lower caste are able to enter government to work and the work they do might not necessarily important. While the policy not bee n implemented and the mind-set among the majority of Indian can actually influence a very huge number of the people.In rural area of India, even teachers practice fierce discrimination on lower caste students, without mass education, it is almost impossible to change the mind-set of the public. Thus, the achievement is still small compare to the problem. Perhaps the government need to be guaranteed to ensure its policy and correct education about inequality must cover the whole country. Yet, it requires time to improve the situation. In conclusion, there are a lot of efforts been made, and there are achievement, but the not many people can enjoy the achievement and effort been made has no much impact.Hence, I agree o a large extend that Efforts to solve inequality in South Asia have had no impact. Although the caste system, dowry, and honor killing are outlaw, a long time ago, people still have a strong sense of discrimination: they are not willing to change. Teacher practice Politi cally: Government works very to Women's dalais percentage. Socially: mind-set examples: honor killing, cross marriage. Infanticide. Examining Equal voting right The parliament raised the percentage of women to 50% in local bodies in 2009 The provisional census for 2011 indicates a positive increase of 1 1. % in literacy rate amongst women. Protection of women from domestic violence act enacted in 2005 has given women a powerful tool. Anti-trafficking nodal cells adopting victims. Rescue, rehabilitation reintegration, repatriation. The government responsibility to ensure the laws being implemented, not changing mind-set. So the state government has offered to adopt abandoned babies as an incentive against killing them. In most cases, Nags say that the baby is killed by the mother and buried surreptitiously with the connivance of the elders in the family. In the last five months alone 47 babies have been received.

Sociology Research Paper - 3534 Words

Immigration and the Economy i Immigration and the Economy i How and Does Immigration Affect the American Economy? A Review of the Literature Joshua Kashani, Ahmad Khalil, JD Lindayag, Francis Ignacio Sociology 4 Professor Hoshiar October 3, 2012 Immigration and the Economy ii Immigration and the Economy ii Does Immigration Affect the U.S Economy? A Review of the Literature In this day of age, many Americans are having a hard time looking for jobs due to the economy. The area of concern that we are researching is the effects of immigration on U.S. job employment rates and whether it’s heavily affecting US citizens or not. There are four conflicts which we decided to cover, which are, wages, education,†¦show more content†¦The total earnings of natives without a highs school degree are roughly thirteen-billion dollars lower due to immigration and the total earnings of those with a high school degree are roughly nineteen billions dollars higher, which is a total gain of six billion dollars (Caramota, 2005). Most of the money that the natives without a high school degree lose is in occupations where they have the largest immigration arrival (Caramota, 2004). This also means that these areas are where there is the highest unemployment rates occur in the native job market. There is also a direct correlation with the unemployment of natives and the employment of immigrants (Caramota, 2004). From 2000 to 2004,† the number of unemployed adult natives increased by 2.3 million, while the number of employed adult immigrants increased by 2.3 million†(Caramota, 2004, para. 2). There is clear empirical evidence that immigrants are stealing wages from natives based on this study (Caramota, 2004). Immigration and the Economy iv Immigration and the Economy iv Education Issues Immigration is seen by many American citizens as a plague to the American economy. They feel that these immigrants are taking jobs away from American citizens, which can help Americans with the now struggling economy. Although many people feel that immigrants affect all workers, it doesnt. Immigrants mostly focus on and take the unskilled labor jobs that are oftenShow MoreRelatedAdoption in Sociology Research paper1916 Words   |  8 Pages Sociology Research Paper Adoption Abstract The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader of the sociological studies on how adopted children are prejudged and how they can fit into society. It also discusses the difference within the family dynamic. It presents facts and statistics or our current adoption system and suggests ways on which to fix it. 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