Connecting McCarthyism and The Crucible Essay -- Literary Analysis, Hi

The horrors of history are passed on from generation to generation in hopes that they will never occur again. People look back on these propagation and are appalled at how horrendous the times were yet, in the 1950s, history repeated itself. During this time, Joseph McCarthy, a United States senator from Wisconsin, began accusing people of being commies or communist sympathizers, which is parallel to the Salem witch trials in the late 1690s when innocent people were accused of practicing witchcraft. One of the people McCarthy accused was author and playwright Arthur Miller. To express his take aback at McCarthys actions, miller wrote The Crucible, intentionally drawing similarities between the McCarthy hearings and the Salem witch trials. Miller directly targets McCarthy through the character Abigail Williams in The Crucible. Abigail is portrayed as a sneaky, manipulative girl, not unlike McCarthy. Abigail desperately yearned for John Proctor, begging him to give her a worda soft word, but when John pushed her past and told her thats done with, Abigail felt that the only way she could have John to herself was to accuse his wife, Elizabeth Proctor, of practicing witchcraft (Miller 1246). Although Abigail had no evidence that the people she accused were practicing witchcraft, the court took her accusations severely because Abigail had credibility. Abigail accused Tituba of witchery, and when Tituba confessed that she had, in fact, conversed with the devil, it proved to the townspeople that Abigail had told the truth (1262). Similarly, McCarthy accused innocent people of being communists in order to get what he wanted popularity in the political race for reelection for senator of Wisconsin (Persecution 1). McCarthy gaine... ...eb. 27 Dec. 2011. . McCarthyism The Aftermath. Mount Holyoke College, second Hadley, Massachusetts. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. . Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. Prentice Hall Literature Timeless Voices, Timeless Themes. Kate Kinsella, et. Al, N ew Jersey Pearson Education, 2002. 1233-1334. Print. Persecution. Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. . The Red Scare McCarthyism. Essortment Articles Free Online Articles on Health, Science, Education & More... Web. 29 Dec. 2011. . Whittaker Chambers. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. .

How Does Arthur Miller Expect :: essays research papers

Question&8220And so I mourn him-I admit it-with a certain&8230alarmHow does Arthur Miller foretell us to react to the death of Eddie Carbone? In your opinion, does he succeed?Eddie Carbone, the family guy, not wanting any trouble, just wanting his niece, in more ways than one.Eddie was a family man, he kept his home nice and he looked after all his family and friends, there was a great respect for him and he was loved by many. crimson the tribe against him, had to love him. He was popular among his friends and colleagues and he was sociable, going bowling with his friends is what his spare time was devoted to, that and his family.Eddie&8217s view of his family was loving, he tried to stool them everything, and he tried to hold them together, he was the glue that made them stick together when trouble came. There was only one thing that could dissolve the, the reaching of the two brothers. -When Eddie dies, the audience is expected to feel sympathetic and upset for the loss of th e main character. Alfieri enhances this feeling with words, in his final speech. &8216I think I pull up stakes love him more than all my sensible clients&8217This makes me think that Eddie wasn&8217t stupid, and he wasn&8217t a fool, he was just oblivious to the fact that Catherine was going to move up up, to love others but him, he couldn&8217t understand why this had to happen.Alfieri has a great deal of respect for Eddie, like the other characters in the play. When Eddie is killed by Marco in a fit of rage, he lies, dying in Beatrice&8217s arms, only then, does he realize what he&8217s got, and that&8217s Beatrice. He shows this by reflection&8216My B.&8217These are Eddie&8217s last words.In Act one, Alfieri shares his view of Red Hook. How it used to be a violent town, with lots of fights and deaths, but over the days it has got more pleasant. People look out for each other.&8216I no longer keep a pistol in my filing cabinet.&8217 Alfieri says this at the broach of the play , he used to because he got violent clients, the one way to defend himself was to also have a weapon. But as the town got nicer and more people cared for each other, he found that he didn&8217t need it and he could trust the people who came to see him.

The Benefits of Animal Testing are Too Great to Stop Essay -- essays r

Animal TestingAnimal examen began when William Harvey expenditured animals 400 years ago to follow out how blood circulated by the body. The modern era of animal research however started about 150 years ago with the rise of physiology as a science. It was very different acantha then. There were no anesthetics or effective painkillers, so the animals suffered a great deal, as did patients. Scientists learned that putting animals, or humans through that type of worrying was inhumane. Consider having to have a leg amputated, which was not uncommon in those days due to the fact that infections got very severe without the use of antibiotics, without even so much as an anesthetic to control the pain. Now the treatment is there to help the pain, so neither human nor animal has to go through the inordinateness undue strain. Through all the new medical technology still there will be people who disagree with animal sieveing. Animal testing provides many benefits that looked over most o f the time. One of the most common questions is, why are animals used in research? The answer to that question can be broken down into three separate categories. The first reason for animal testing is to advance in scientific understanding. The likelihood of achieving the significant advances we have right away in scientific understanding or the prevention and treatment of diseases is very low without the use of animal testing. Through the testing researchers are able to find out problems in humans and even in other animals.Another reason the testing is used is because it develops solutions to medical problems. More than half the animals that have been tried and true on have succeeded in finding a cure for the human race.The third is to protect the safety of people, animals ... ...an ape with a tube in its skull than it is to blend behind a defenseless woman. It is important and even very crucial that such people as disabled people defend animal testing. For archetype we can re turn to both the medical and social conditions of what are now thankfully in the past. Doesnt it make more sense for one to test on chimps before people? In the past, disabled people were used as medical guinea pigs. Call me an animal-hating barbarian, but I would rather use animals than my fellow mental types. (Newsweek 2005)In all, animal testing helps research science. Animal rights activists can argue their points until the end, yet in a matter of their life or their families lives, more than half of them would have to contest and say that they would rather have an animal be tested for something before their family member. It is done in humane ways and is reliable.

My Favourite Place :: Papers

My Favourite Place Ive just finished some hard homework and I know Ive done it wrong. Ive had a really bad day my head is overflowing with worries about SATS tests/ my English talk / that 20-page-essay I havent started that has to be in by tomorrow. So where do I go? (Although off the break off of a cliff springs to mind, its not the answer) I go to my bed path with a bar of chocolate, tumble onto my bed, press the play button on my characterization and settle down to watch Friends, or Trigger Happy TV. Ah Much better PurpleThats all you see when you walk into my room. Masses of purple everywhere, followed by a blue beaded lampshade on my light that hangs so low that it brushes your head every time you walk under it. Mirrors, pictures and photographs decorate my room. Whats better than having a picture painted by your mum, gold and silver mirrors, and photogra phs of your best friends smiling down at you from the wall? There is a lot crammed into my small room My giant wardrobe (my other favourite place is at the shops, so it has to house a lot of clothes), and my bed full of cushions - I get it on cushions I have cushions of every colour, and I especially love the Indian designs with beads or tassels. The last time I counted there were thirteen A curtain canopy hangs over my bed, with my blue dream catcher above my head as I sleep. The bay window is one of the best features of my room.

Epidemiological Studies Essay example -- Health, Diseases, S.Saintapau

One of the most useful outcomes of studying epidemiology is learning how to rate critically the scientific literature (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Critical assessment of this literature is an important skill for public health professionals because the findings of epidemiologic inquiry inform so umpteen activities (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Munnoch et al. (2008) done epidemiological studies on S.Saintpaul infection occurred in Australia during October 2006 and found that cantaloupe vine production and processing practices pose a potential public health little terror requiring regulatory and community education interventions. Based on main journal article written upon this subject, this article will analyse how epidemiological research has helped us understand the pattern of study conducted, source population, methods used and the interpretation of the results.STUDY OBJECT AND DESIGN This assignment reviews the evidence in the context of epidemiological research linking the consump tion of cantaloupe to S.Saintpaul occurred in Australia affected three jurisdictions, New South Wales, Victoria and Australian Capital Territory and relatively uncommon in stay states. Munnoch et al. (2008) conducted a multi-jurisdictional case-control study to test the hypothesis that S.Saintpaul infection was associated with the consumption of fresh produce items including cantaloupe. In addition, hypothesis generation method was used on cases jibe to which 14 newly notified S.Saintapaul cases were interviewed with a standardized retrospective hypothesis generating and trawling questionnaire to identify possible foodborne and environmental risk factors for infection. Food exposures commonly reported by these cases were cantaloupe (n=11), cucumber... ...ars), found that cases aged

Epidemiological Studies Essay example -- Health, Diseases, S.Saintapau

One of the most useful outcomes of studying epidemiology is learning how to tax critically the scientific literature (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Critical assessment of this literature is an important skill for public health professionals because the findings of epidemiologic explore inform so many a(prenominal) activities (Aschengrau & Seage, 2008). Munnoch et al. (2008) done epidemiological studies on S.Saintpaul infection occurred in Australia during October 2006 and found that cantaloupe vine production and processing practices pose a potential public health flagellum requiring regulatory and community education interventions. Based on main journal article written upon this subject, this article will analyse how epidemiological research has helped us understand the pattern of study conducted, source population, methods used and the interpretation of the results.STUDY OBJECT AND DESIGN This assignment reviews the evidence in the context of epidemiological research linking the c onsumption of cantaloupe to S.Saintpaul occurred in Australia affected three jurisdictions, New South Wales, Victoria and Australian Capital Territory and relatively uncommon in remain states. Munnoch et al. (2008) conducted a multi-jurisdictional case-control study to test the hypothesis that S.Saintpaul infection was associated with the consumption of fresh produce items including cantaloupe. In addition, hypothesis generation method was used on cases fit to which 14 newly notified S.Saintapaul cases were interviewed with a standardized retrospective hypothesis generating and trawling questionnaire to identify possible foodborne and environmental risk factors for infection. Food exposures commonly reported by these cases were cantaloupe (n=11), cucumber... ...ars), found that cases aged

Adaptation of W.S. Maugham’s novel The painted veil Essay

Shortly after meeting earnest, socially awkward bacteriologist Walter Fane at a party, vivacious, vain, and vacuous capital of the United Kingdom socialite weed Garstin enters into a loveless marriage with him at the urging of her domineering mother. Following a h cardinalymoon in Venice, the couple go to Shanghai, where the doctor is stationed in a govern ment lab studying infectious diseases. mountain meets Charles Townsend, a married British vice consul, and the two engage in a undercover affair. When Walter discovers his wifes infidelity, he seeks to punish her by threatening to divorce her on the grounds of adultery if she doesnt accompany him to a small closure in a remote ara of China, where he has volunteered to treat victims of an unchecked cholera epidemic sweeping through the area. flowerpot begs to be allowed to divorce him lightly and he agrees, provided Townsend will leave his wife Dorothy and marry her. When she proposes this possibility to her lover, he decline s to accept, and she is compelled to travel to the mountainous inland region with her husband. They embark upon an arduous, two-week-long overland journey that would be considerably faster and much easier if they traveled by river, Upon their arrival in Mei-tan-fu, she is distressed to discover they will be living in near squalor, farthermost removed from everyone except their cheerful neighbor Waddington, a British deputy commissioner living with a young Chinese woman in relative opulence. take on moreThe 3 Types of Satire EssayWalter and Kitty barely speak to each other and, except for a cook and a Chinese spend assigned to guard her, she is alone for long hours. After visiting an orphanage run by a group of French nuns, Kitty volunteers her services, and she is assigned to induce in the music room. She is surprised to learn from the Mother Superior that her husband loves children, and in this setting she begins to see him in a new light as she learns what a selfless and caring person he can be. When he sees her with the children, he in turn realizes she is not the shallow, selfish person he concept her to be. As Walters anger and Kittys unhappiness subside, their marriage begins to blossom.She soon learns she is pregnant, but is unsure who the father is. Walter in love with Kitty again assures her it doesnt matter. Just as the local cholera problem is coming under control, ailing refugees from elsewhere pour into the area, forcing Walter to set up a encamp outside town. He contracts the disease and Kitty nurses him, but he dies, devastating her. Five years later, while shopping with her young son Walter in London, Kitty meets Townsend by chance on the street. He suggests the two get together and asks young Walter his age, realising from the reply that he could be Walters father. Kitty, however, rejects his overtures and walks away. When her son asks who Townsend is, she replies No one important.Awards and honorsComposer Alexandre Desplat won the 200 6 Golden Globe Award for outmatch Original Score Desplat also won an award for Best Original Score from the Los Angeles bring Critics Association for both The Painted Veil and The Queen (2006). Edward Norton was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead but lost to Ryan Gosling in Half Nelson. The San Diego Film Critics Society honored him for his work in this and The Illusionist and Down in the Valley. The London Film Critics Circle nominated Toby Jones Best British Supporting Actor of the Year.***Questions for discussion1. Give the description of the main heroin Kitty paying attention to her inner changes during the level film. Kitty Fane is a beautiful young woman. Kitty is charming and socially adept, but vacuous. She is vivacious, vain, spoiled and selfish. She doesnt love her husband Walter, she considers him a boring, uncheerful, too serious and unthoughtful man. With him Kitty is unhappy. But during the film we can see how the main heroin changes. She learns from the Mother Superior that her husband loves children. And she begins to see him in a new light. She learns, that other plurality in Mei-tan-fu consider him a selfless and caring person. He is very kind. He is devoted to his work. He takes a great care of his patients. And Kitty understands, that she didnt notice the good qualities of his husband. Kitty learns to respect her husband. She falls in love with her husband. She is selfish no more. She is very attentive to her husband, because she understands, that she has made a mistake. She takes care of orphans and she likes it. Kitty loves her husband and is happy now.2. Express your attitude to Walters reaction. (to treachery) Was it quite usual or was it a bit unexpectedly? Why did he prefer to have a bun in the oven in this very way? Such a reaction is unusual and unexpected. Perhaps he prefers to behave in this way, because he indispensabilitys to show Kitty, that he is no fool. He wants to teach her a lesson. He want s she gets rid of her selfishness and vanity. He wants she answer for her mistakes.3. And what can you say about Charles Townsend? Is it typical of men to behave in such(prenominal) a way when they feel that something threatens their life or carrier? Are men such cowards indeed? I think that it is typical of many men to behave in such a way when they feel that something threatens their life or carrier. They dont want to be responsible for their acts. Charles Townsend likes to have a good time with a beautiful woman. But when Kitty says him, that she loves him und wants to be married, he is very frightened of this.Because it can spoil his carrier. I think on that point a lot of such men in our world. And there are very few men, that are responsible for their acts and behave in an proper manner. Thats why Maugham shows us a typical character. 4. How can you interpret the title of the novel film? What did Maugham want to tell us using this title? ( , ). At a wedding, a veil is usuall y white, representing the innocence of the person wearing it. White is pure and has not yet been violated. In the film the veil is painted, which convey that it is not an innocent veil the characters are wearing. Maugham used this concept to show how all of society and the people living in it are tainted.5. The end of the story seems to be rather vivid & emotional. The meeting of two old acquaintances is rather cold full of contempt at least from Kittys direction. What are your emotions? Do you feel sorry for Charles or do you despise him as Kitty? Explain.The end of the film is very emotional, but I dont feel sorry for Charles. I feel contempt to him as Kitty. And he has only himself to blame for this. He was frightened to marry her. He didnt want to marry her. He was afraid to spoil his career. He left her and didnt think of her all these years. He behaved as a coward. And he deserves such an attitude.

Writing Assignment 1

Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Writing Assignment 1 A paper submitted to Dr. Rick realize In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the raceway Discipleship Ministries DSMN 500 By Hershel L. Kreis, Jr. November 4, 2012 Toa noneVirginia INTRODUCTION While there are those who may be uncomfortable with the approximation that worship is a goal in qualification disciples, the goal of Christian culture according to Mitchell is to make a disciple who worships Jesus.Mitchell points out that worship is much than just showing up at church on Sunday morning for an hour of corporate worship. He points out that worship according to put-on 419 -24 goes much deeper than just that time of corporate worship that we often think of as worship. He points out that worship involves the whole person, mind, corpse and soul. Anderson states that corporate worship is an action of discipling and discipleship and a give lessons for the Lords service. Discipleship is just one part of the eq uation needed to assist Christians in weird formation to maturity. Christian education also has a division to play. The goal of both discipleship and Christian education is to produce spiritu entirelyy turn disciples of Christ. Education, as the circumstance is used by Csinos and some others, is used to refer to learning that carrys place within churches or schools. Formal Christian education and discipleship can be seen as points along a continuum that is designed to increase the spiritual maturity of believers.Mitchells definition of Christian education, when broken down gives a number of clues as to the role it plays in regards to assisting Christians to wrick more mature in their walk with Christ. When Mitchell speaks of Christian education as engaging learners in acquiring the mind and skill sets, he clearly shows that there has to be a transfer of knowledge in some fashion. Faithful expositive preaching allows the Christian to understand how the Bible is not just a col lection of 66 individualized books, but preferably an interlocking mosaic that explains Gods love for man and the relationship in the midst of them.Topical preaching is good for learning about particular aspects of faith and what the Bible has to say about the issues that Christians confront in todays society, but expository preaching is faithful to not only the text, but the context of the passage in light of the entire Bible. But, faithful preaching of Gods cry is not the only way that Christian education is being accomplished. There are still many churches that conduct Sunday schools. These Sunday schools have alter curricula and, as a result, their success as a tool in spiritual formation can vary.For those who use Sunday school curricula provided by a denominational source, they can provide a colossal deal of information to the Christian as to what the denomination believes and why they believe it. Other formats include topical studies or studies that examine books of the Bible in a manner similar to expository preaching. While Sunday school materials vary, the importance to the individual Christian impart also vary. If a class was using a topical study, there may be particular lessons or units that may not apply to all that are in the class.While Sunday schools and corporate worship provide Christian education to believers, they are less intimate than small groups. Small groups are, in many ways, a hybrid of formal Christian education and discipleship, depending on the way in which they are run and the content in which they cover. Some small groups lead to be smaller formal education by doing Bible studies. Other small groups tend to lean more towards discipleship in that they are based on encouragement, duty and support for the members.These small groups are often termed accountability groups for just that reason. These small groups not only befriend the Christian learn about the basics of the faith, but also allow others to hold them accounta ble to notice Christ in the details of life. Both formal Christian education and small groups help the Christian with understanding of the Creator, the created order, and themselves as created in the image of God, while also discovering their contribution and place in Gods Kingdom, as well as their community. weird formation is always occurring in the Christians life through Christian education as it is the changes in our spiritual maturity as we continue to follow Jesus. This spiritual formation grows at an individual rate depending on the amount of overall Christian education received, either through formal or unceremonious means. The informal Christian education is often thought of as being discipleship in the unfeignedst sense of the word. When many think of discipleship, they think of the situation where a mature Christian pours themselves into the life of a less mature Christian in a mentoring role in an informal fashion.The term discipleship has a broad run away of meani ngs in the church today according to Collinson including encouraging a Christian lifestyle, referring to the relationship between a believer and Christ, and helping new believers grow in the spiritual disciplines. A simpler definition may be that discipleship means following after Jesus and doing what He says to do. But discipleship is also seen as a calling, not a program or profession, and a daily living with Jesus. But, the Bible refers to a disciple in three different ways.In the first use of the word, it is nil more than a person being educated by a teacher, such as in Matthew 1024 and 1352. This way of formation a disciple is a life transformation of becoming more like a persons master, such as seen in Matthew 1624 or Mark 834. A second way is when someone starts the subroutine of becoming a disciple or being a disciple, such as in Matthew 2757 or Luke 1426-27. Lastly, there are those who are referred to as disciples that only occasionally followed Jesus, such as those in Matthew 821.Samra summarizes discipleship succinctly by saying that it is the process of becoming like Christ. A one on one discipling relationship allows for the greatest accountability and requires the greatest amount of trust on the part of both individuals. This type of discipleship often is the strongest and most effective to achieve true spiritual growth. While it is instead easy to evade issues that may be struggles in your life while listening to expository preaching or in a Sunday school setting, it is almost impossible when in a one-on-one relationship with another Christian.As a result of the trust that has been developed in the course of the relationship and the leave given by both parties to ask the tough questions of each other, there is no escaping the immense amount of learning that can produce a great deal of spiritual maturity in a new Christian. While the goal of Christian education and discipleship is spiritual formation of the new believer into a true discipl e who makes other true disciples, this concept has been watered down in the American church today by emphasis on programs instead of progressive spiritual growth in every members life.There are many churches that do not encourage spiritual growth with anything beyond worship services on Sunday morning and evening, Sunday school and possibly a prayer service on Wednesday night. Many churches emphasize education over discipleship as it is easier to do and less labor intensive on the part of church members. Many churches now seem to emphasize numbers of throng in the pews at the cost of sacrificing the spiritual growth of its members because there is less vulnerability in a large gathering along with a high participation rate than in a small group or one-on-one discipleship setting.Churches today are flooded with programs while showing little regards to the process of disciple making. While the church wants spiritual growth to occur, the most effective way to achieve this is through discipleship. While spiritual growth can take place as a result of conferences, special events or classes, when looking at the biblical precedence for spiritual formation, it was done through discipleship, as shown by the examples of Paul and Jesus.It is important for every church or ministry to evaluate what it is doing from time to time to see if the programs they are participating in are making true disciples, large numbers of spiritual infants or just people who attend church for what they can get out of it instead of what they bring as an offer of their time and talents. Mature Christians hold the key to producing other Christians who will then follow the Great Commission to make disciples, not just followers or church attenders.American churches today are full of attenders and that is why we see the current trend of declining membership throughout the country today. The church should focus on making disciples which over time will turn into true worshipers who worship God in e very part of their lives every minute of their lives, not just during the course of a program, event or training offered by the church. Jesus made disciples who changed the world without programs. These disciples demonstrated true worship in their lives and passed it to succeeding generations.Unfortunately, the message has become twisted over time from the simple message of a disciple being one who worships God in spirit and in truth. We must retake the essence of true discipleship before it is lost forever in the next program or fad proposed by a popular Christian leader, instead of following Jesus formula for lasting discipleship. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, E. Byron. Worship Schooling in the Tradition of Jesus. Theology Today 66, no. 1 (April 2009) 21-32. ATLA worship Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012).Collinson, Sylvia. Making Disciples and the Christian Faith. evangelical Review Of Theology 29, no. 3 (July 2005) 240-50. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). Csinos, David M. Come Follow Me Apprenticeship in Jesus Approach to Education. Religious Education 105, no. 1 (January 2010) 45-62. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). Grace, W. Madison III. True Discipleship Radical Voices from the Swiss Brethren to Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Today. Southwestern Journal Of Theology 53, no. 2 (March 2011) 135-53. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). Houston, James M. The Future of Spiritual Formation. Journal of Spiritual Formation amp Soul Care 4, no. 2 (September 2011) 131-39. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). Mitchell, Michael R. Leading, Teaching and Making Disciples. Bloomington, Indiana Crossbooks, 2010. Samra, James G. A Biblical View of Discipleship. Bibliotheca Sacra 160, no. 638 (April 2003) 219-34.ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). 1 . . Michael R. Mitchell, Leading, Teaching and Making Disciples (Bloomington, Indiana Crossbooks, 2010), 262. 2 . . Ibid. , 265. 3 . . E. Byron Anderson, Worship Schooling in the Tradition of Jesus, Theology Today 66, no. 1 (April 2009) 29. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). 4 . . David M. Csinos, Come Follow Me Apprenticeship in Jesus Approach to Education, Religious Education 105, no. (January 2010) 51. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). 5 . . Mitchell, Leading, Teaching and Making Disciples, 242. 6 . . James M. Houston, The Future of Spiritual Formation, Journal of Spiritual Formation & Soul Care 4, no. 2 (September 2011) 135. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). 7 . . Sylvia Collinson, Making Disciples and the Christian Faith, Evangelical Review Of Theology 29, no. 3 (July 2005) 240. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASeri als, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). 8 . W. Madison Grace III, True Discipleship Radical Voices from the Swiss Brethren to Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Today, Southwestern Journal Of Theology 53, no. 2 (March 2011) 150. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). 9 . . Houston, The Future of Spiritual Formation, 132. 10 . . James G. Samra, A Biblical View of Discipleship, Bibliotheca Sacra 160, no. 638 (April 2003) 219. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2012). 11 . . Ibid. 12 . . Ibid. , 219. 13 . . Ibid. , 220. 14 . . Ibid. , 225.

The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating Essay

We have all heard the expressions you are what you eat and an apple a day keeps the doctor away. Turns out these expressions hold more fairness than wed probably deal to admit. With so many delectably refined, enriched, neon colored, pseudo foods out in that location, our brains are more confused than eer before. Today, food is specifically hypothecate to hit all the right spots on our tongues also, its creation reinforced with chemical additives that stimulate our appetites through receptors in our brain, much like opiates. Then, its all mantled up in carefully designed, brightly colored packaging, so how could we resist? Not to mention this food is cheap If youre on a cypher you might be in the crosshairs of the mean machine Im calling upstart food. Its getting increasingly difficult to see away all the pizzazz, and divert our attention back to plain old, dingy apples, or murky green spinach. Id like to spill the beans, so to speak, around(predicate) how I came to belie ve that modern food is deceiving us and exploiting our weaknesses.Before I had my children I was aware, to some extent, that the food I was attracted to, and ate regularly wasnt the best. It nooky be very difficult to weed out the distressing eggs of the bountiful grocery store shelves. A pivotal point in my nutritionary pilgrimage was when I found out I was carrying my first son. I started take aiming about nutrition and learning how the systems of the body digest and use the foods we eat. I began by reading articles on the Weston A. Price Foundation website, whose proclamation is Restoring nutrient-dense foods to the American diet through education, research and activism. I learned that I had an opinion about nutrition, and that I didnt agree with a lot of the guidelines set for us. I disc all overed that the largest section on the American Food Pyramid, reserved for 6-11 servings, belonged to grains. Eating this bar of any one type of food each day is alarming in itself. I d ecided to look into the topic of grains in particular. I read the parole Wheat Belly by author, William Davis, a renowned cardiologist who noniced the adverse effects that modern day wheat is reaping on our bodies. This book is an alarming read. It basically states that modern wheat is actually a product of genetic tinkering and agribusiness and not the wheat our grandparents ate. This wheat is highly toxic and should be completely removed from our diets. Idecided to use this impertinently perspective of food to my advantage, and ultimately to the benefit of the bun I had in my oven.With all this nutritionary information and a baby on the way, I could no longer deny that I needed to change my diet. Even still, I would have never guessed how difficult this change would be. I was about to be served a huge slice of humble pie. It would seem that modern agriculture and big business did not want me to know what was in my food. Standing in the grocery store isles reading the back of p ackages was tedious, but crucial. I practically had to learn a new vocabulary to dissect the 15 letter terms on the ingredient lists. I must have missed the lesson in school on Mono- and Diglycerides The nigh common emulsifiers, and Xanthan Gum The most common stabilizer and thickener. Since these ingredients are abundant in prepared foods, maybe it wouldnt be such a bad idea to throw them a bone early on, with a lesson on additives. Can you imagine a nursary rhyme filled with words like vitamin B1 Mononitrate, Benzoate, and Hexametaphosphate? The story of Hansel and Gretel stumbling upon a house made of Monosodium Glutamate. The Cookie Monster chomping down on some yummy, crunchy, calcium chloride.This brings me to my next bone of contention with modern food, one that has become especially prevalent in teaching my children proper nutrition. Why is it necessary to dress up the boxes of terrible foods with baby-walkeroons my children recognize? It feels slightly like an ambush to me. Its come to the point where taking my kids to the store has become dreadful because any turn they want Dora this, and Spongebob that. The natural, instinctive attraction to healthy foods is being ripped from our children as a result of targeting and over marketing. That adorable rabbit on the box of cereal is pulling more Trix on me than I would have ever guessed.Amply informed, we decided to change our eating habits as a family. We started full force, because lets face it, there is no easing into a change like this. I gathered my groceries and we began our health experiment. We didnt consume any gluten, we amped up our fats, we ate tons of meat and dairy, and we plied on the fruits and vegetables. I got creative with snacks and meal plans to keep from contact repetitive. The first few weekswere hard Id pick up a cracker, and right when Id go to take a bite, Id realize that I wasnt supposed have it, so Id put it back. Although, there were many more times that I would actually take a bite, and then end up having to abort that mouthful, mid-chew. With all big adjustments, the beginning is the hardest. Days went by, then weeks, and this became less of a stumbling break and more second nature.Beginning this endeavor with hopes of avoiding certain substances, we didnt anticipate the other benefits that would ensue. We showed noticeable weight loss, increased stamina and energy, mind clarity, and drastically change digestive function. We might as well have hit the wellbeing jackpot. Our pocketbooks, however, would reflect a significantly less profitable state. We were learning just how dear(predicate) keeping stocked on perishables, such as fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy could be. This is where, I believe, the American food system has deeply failed us. You can buy an overflowing cart of prepared foods for about $100 and have it last over a week, but the same amount of healthy food would cost well over $200, and possibly last that long. Why should the l ow income families be forced into buying imitation food? We all know that this is more than an epidemic in America, where every year more people die from diet related complications than car crashes, alcoholism, and drug use combined. Children are being born with new age conditions. childhood obesity and diabetes has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. How could that not be diet related?It is almost inconceivable that there could be such a simple fix to these enormous problems. It doesnt involve depriving ourselves of delicious foods, its more about avoiding toxic chemicals and genetically engineered ingredients hiding in our food. Whether it is an obvious, 15 letter ingredient like those mentioned previously, or a seemingly innocent grain, like the toxic GMO wheat We need to understand what we are eat and ultimately nourishing our bodies with. There is an expression I like that does a good job summing up, You can be well fed and malnou rished at the same time.

Change Management of Business Transformation Initiatives

FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE AND POLICY STUDIES CHANGE MANAGEMENT OF pipeline TRANSFORMATION INITIATIVES IN POS MALAYSIA By, NORAINI BINTI MOHD SALLEH 2008256926 WAN NOR HAFIZA BINTI WAN ZAKI 2006100587 Table of Contents TITLE PAGE Chapter 1 Introduction1. 1 Introduction and background of field of battle1. 2 Statement of the problem1. 3 Research Objective1. 4 Research Question1. 5 Scope of Study1. 6 Limitation1. 7 Organization of chapter 3-8 Chapter 2 Literature Review2. 1 Overview of Organizational Transformation Initiatives2. 2 carrying into action achievement2. 2. Pre plantd goals2. 2. 2 User joy2. 3 Resistance to intensify2. 4 dislodge Man erament Initiatives2. 4. 1 leading2. 4. 2 Communication2. 4. 3 cooking 9-18 Chapter 3 Research Methodology3. 1 Research Framework3. 2 Sampling3. 3 Research Design3. 3. 1 selective information Collection Method3. 3. 1. 1 Primary data3. 3. 1. 2 Secondary data3. 3. 2 Research questionnaire3. 3. 3 Data analysis technique 19-22 Ch apter 4 Result and Discussion4. 1 Overview of data collected4. 2 Frequency Analysis4. 2. 1 Gender4. 2. 2 Age4. 2. 3 Position4. 2. 4 Location4. 3 Discussion4. 3. Resistance to throw and wasting diseaser ecstasy4. 3. 2 Resistance to heighten and preset goals4. 3. 3 Change attention initiatives 23-29 Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation5. 1 Summary5. 2 Recommendation5. 2. 1 Sampling Size5. 3 Conclusion 30-32 Reference Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1. Background of the Study Most of the brass touch on Companies in Malaysia atomic number 18 required to participate in the G everyplacenment Link Comp all Transformation Program that was launched in May 2004 by the Malaysian government. This is part of an ongoing effort by the Government to develop and wrick Malaysian economy.As one of the top 20 Government Link Companies, Pos Malaysia Berhad (Pos Malaysia) go intoed on a comprehensive alteration platform imbed on the Government Link Comp whatsoever Transformation Manual that was launched on 29 July 2005. Since then many other(prenominal) transformational projects were implement to build strong capabilities, improve doing, condense better decision making and achieve competitive advantage. Moving forward, Pos Malaysia put in place a five-year transformation plan in August 2009 which is intended to transform the group into a more than than agile postal organisation that is exist-efficient and customer-centric.Many of the transformational projects argon delivering signifi give nonicet results that meet Pos business objectives. In Berita Harian Online (April 1, 2010), the Malaysias leading Malay daily, stated that Pos was among the performing Government Link Companies. This was reaffirmed by The Star Online (April 19, 2010), which reported the former group managing director and Chief Executive Officer Datuk Syed Faisal Albar has said that Pos Malaysia Bhd expects its revenue to rise by 15% to 18% in each of cardinal 12-month periods after its po stal tariff hike takes effect on July 1 2009.In transforming organization, Pos Malaysia employs sundry(a) technologies to run its surgical procedure efficiently in order to maintain its competitive edge. Various projects much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the ultra modern hub (The Star Online, 2010), PITTIS, Sh ard Banking Services (Pos Malaysia yearly Report, 2009), GIFTS (Pos Malaysia Annual Report, 2008) exploited Information System (IS) and postal latest applied science. on that pointfore in order ensure triumphful exploitation of purchased technology, enhancing an individuals desire to use a given raw technology is vital.Successful in doing this bequeath lead to higher productivity organization. Ahmed Z. U. et al. (2006) mentioned in their explore that contribution of technology in any transformational projects can be determined by measuring productivity as the fundamental economic measurement tool. They highlighted that the ability and pull up stakesingness of the empl oyees to exploit and have new technology in their day-today operations are the key figures to ensure higher productivity. The return of investment of technology could be minimized whenever employees refuse or resist dopting new technology to fully utilize the potentials of the technology. The reluctance of employees could depend on how difficult to understand, learn, or operate in order to adopt new technology (Rogers, 1962). And it similarly related to the extent to which a person believes that by apply a certain technology give result in free of effort (Davis, 1989). Therefore, foeman to change of employee could be one of the reasons writ of execution failures in transforming the organizations. Malhotra (1998) estimated that 70% of the Business Process Reengineering (BPR) projects fail.He as well stated that the most important obstacles are i. lack of keep up direction commitment and leadership ii. unrealistic scope and expectations, and iii. granting immunity to change . Therefore, the prime objective of this contract is to examine the relationship between apology to change and writ of execution winner of transformation initiatives, as well as the moderating effect of change instruction initiatives. 1. 2. Problem Statement Implementation succeeder of transformational projects in any organization is very crucial.Many organizations are struggling in ensuring their organisational transformational initiatives such as Business Process Reengineering (BPR), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Lean Six-Sigma program etc. are thrivingly implemented. It is known that 70% of the Business Process Reengineering projects had failed to deliver the intended outcome (Malhotra, 1998). The most important obstacles are 1) the lack of carry on focal point commitment and leadership, 2) the unrealistic scope and expectations, and 3) the resistance to change.At Pos Malaysia, non-homogeneous transformational initiatives were introduced since August 2009 as part of it strategic plan to build strong capabilities, improve performance, undertake better decision making and achieve competitive advantage as demanded by the stakeholders. In implementing all the initiatives, Pos Malaysia also faces the same problem as some other organization that embarked on organisational transformation efforts. Not all of the initiatives were successful implemented or progressing smoothly as per plan due to various factors.Factors such as lack of sustained caution commitment and leadership, unrealistic scope and expectations, and resistance to change (Maholtra, 1998) exist in Pos Malaysia. Especially factors that related to human because the transformational initiatives conduct many changes on the way employees carry out their day-to-day operation. Many manual-type operations are going to be replaced by system or machineries. Employees are required to drive the changes and at the same condemnation they also required to learn how to fit themselves in the new way of doing things.Therefore, the ostracise organizational answer to transformational initiatives effectuation i. e. resistance to change, can become a biggest problem to Pos Malaysia in executing its transformational programs. In order to overcome this problem, study current change management initiatives rough-and-readyness and examine resistance to change will help further Pos Malaysia in implementing transformational initiatives. 1. 3. Research Questions Based on the problem statement stated above, the following(a) look for questions have been developed a) Is there any resistance to change in the organization? ) Do employees satisfied with the project implemented? c) What is the impact of resistance to change on transformational projects execution of instrument success? d) Do change management initiatives influence the relationship of resistance to change and implementation success? 1. 4. Research Objectives The inquiry objectives are elaborated by each varying as follo ws a) To determine resistance of change in the organization? b) To determine employee felicity of the outcome of implemented project. ) To examine the relationship between resistance to change and implementation success d) To examine the change management initiatives influence on relationship of resistance to change and implementation success. The expectation of this study is that it outcome may help in increasing the implementation success in service organization i. e. Pos Malaysia. The outcome of this study will draw a list of factors that are responsible for employees resistance to change, provide a measurement tool for the assessment of resistance and produce a model for reference by other scholars nd future researchers. 1. 5. Significance of the Study This study is anticipate hopes to provide significant theoretical and applicative contributions in the area of change management. Theoretically, this study should provide guidelines for the organization especially in service o rganization on how to manage resistance to change effectively and practical contribution on operation of organization especially in field of change management. 1. 6. Scope and Limitation of the Study The scope of this study is relates to implementation success of the completed transformational initiatives in Pos Malaysia Berhad.The other factors include in this study are employee resistance to change and change management initiatives in the organization. The study has several limitations that pauperism to be considered. The study uses a sample drawn from a population of Pos Malaysia employees in Klang Valley. This population may not be representative of implementation success on transformation initiatives in general. Therefore, the actual implementation success result throughout Pos Malaysia nationwide could not be measured accurately due to demographic, geographical and psychographic differences that become a constraint (e. . varies of position, job and initiative availability) t o this study. 1. 7. Organization of Chapter This research has been organized into five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction of the research and explains the statement of the problem, purpose of the study, assumptions of the study, research questions, significance and the limitations of the study. The second chapter presents a review of relevant literatures on the subject. Variety topics were reviewed for the study.Some of the topics studied were implementation success, resistance to change and change management initiatives. The third chapter explains the methodological analysis for the research used for the study. In-depth explanation and rationale have also been specified for the use of peck questionnaires for the study. In chapter three also explains the measurement tools and methods for questionnaires administration. The forth chapter consists of the analysis, determinations and results obtained from the study. The closing chapter presents an overview of the research findings derived from the tudy with a series of recommendations. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2. 1 Overview of Organizational Transformation Initiatives The business environment has become increasingly complex and changes the grocery store from local setting to a global one. Constant wedge is applied on the management to improve competitiveness by lowering operating exist and improving logistic. For the case in Malaysia, the Malaysian government is promoting organizational transformation efforts to all public listed companies under its stable.Through Khazanah Nasional Berhad, all Government Link Companies have to embark on a comprehensive transformation program based on the Government Link Company Transformation Manual that was launched on 29 July 2005. There are various ways an organization could transform how they should improve their business. Some may adopt the principles and techniques of total quality management and re-engineering (Llana, 1998) or embark in Enterprise Reso urce Planning System (to manage the efficient and effective use of resources such as materials, human resources, finance, etc. (Nah, F. F. nd Lau, J. L. , 2001) or adopt various latest accounting systems which acronyms such as ABC/M, EVA and TOC (Cooper and Kaplan, 1988 Johnson and Kaplan, 1987). Many organizations have responded with enthusiasm, adopting them with varied results. A large proportion of corporations venturing into business process transformation succeed at the initiation and design phases. At this stage, it did not require involvement of various levels of employees in the organization. The difficulties occur during the stage of implementation of the transformational projects (Davenport, 1998).During this stage, many lot were involved and require a comprehensive change management initiative. About half of Enterprise Systems (ES) projects fail to achieve hoped-for benefits because managers underestimate the efforts involved in managing change (Pawlowsiki and Boudreau, 1999). Researches from past scholars have proved that most BPR failures are more caused by the processes of implementation rather than those of the innovation itself (Klein et al, 2001). A comprehensive change management model will assist not only in ensuring support from employees but it also will cushion the resistance to change as well. . 2 Implementation Success The measurement of information systems success in organizational transformation effort has been researched for over thirty years (Zviran & Erlich, 2003). There are various ways of measuring the implementation success of any transformational projects. Markus & Tanis (2000) stated that the definition and measurement of implementation success of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is very often depending on who defines it. For instance, project managers and implementation consultant often define success in terms of completing the project on sentence and within budget.The precedential management on the other hand would pr efer to translate the implementation success in term of bottom-line of financial statement. Enzweiler Group summarized other measures of implementation successes based on people improvements, process improvements, and system implemented (http//www. enzweiler. com/faq/managing. html). People improvements cover measurement of new skill sets, learning the skill to use new system. On process improvements, the measurement of improved resource utilization, improved relationships, or cost reductions can be used to determine the implementation success.For instance, reduction in blood line from USD5 million to USD1. 5 million or reduction in customer service errors from 4% to 1%, or eliminate transaction processing time in the payroll and human resource department. However, measuring directly on the success of an information systems success has been shew to be impractical and perhaps unsufferable because of intangible costs, and benefits of it are difficult to recognize and convert to mon etary equivalent (Galetta & Laderer, 1989 Ives et al. , 1983).For the purpose of this study, the two measures of implementation success to be used are predetermined goals and drug user rapture. 2. 2. 1 Predetermined Goals This first measure was adopted from Hong and Kim (2002). The predetermined goals were defined as the degree of deviation from project goals in terms of the expected cost overrun, schedule overrun, system performance deficit and expected benefits. This type of measurements was derived from the project implementation perspective. Oliver, Whymark, & Romm, (2005) rationalized this type of measurement as appropriate to indicates a run istinction of why certain systems are deployed and the nature of their intended effects. The minimum set of success metrics of project implementation should include project metrics, early operative metrics, and long-term business results (Markus and Tanis, 2000). In this study, the predetermined goals of the projects were chosen as on e of the implementation success variable. 2. 2. 2 User Satisfaction Employee or user satisfaction has received widespread acceptance as a substitute measure of information systems success (Wu et al, 2002).This measure represents important feedback from the people who experience the system performance in their day-to-day operation. Nolan and Seward (1974) advocate that user satisfaction is the most feasible and practical tool for evaluating the success of information systems project implementation. Powers and Dickson (1973), Holsapple, Wang and Wei (2005) recognized that user satisfaction as one of the key factors thats affecting the success of implementation of management information systems projects.Ives, Olson, and Baroudi (1983) and Doll and Torkzadeh (1988) had developed several models to measure user satisfaction, including the user information satisfaction instrument and a 12 items satisfaction End User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) instrument. Following this suggestion, succe ssful organization transformation implementation success measurement should be evaluated based not only on cost of ownership and quantifiable benefits, but should also take into account the time required to implement the technology and also user acceptable in terms of satisfaction.Therefore in this study, as for the second implementation success measure, user satisfaction method was adapted from Doll and Torkzadeh (1988) because the instrument had been used widely and has been validated through several confirmatory analyses and constructs validity tests. 2. 3 Resistance to Change Change has always been said to be the constant thing in life. Changes can be triggered either from within or outside the system. Change in many organizations may result from mergers, acquisitions, implementation of new technologies, cost-cutting, right sizing, etc (Grover, 1999).Therefore, any resistance from employee can affect the changes intended in an organization. Resistance to change has been research for over than fifty years. Zander (1950) defined resistance to change as a behavior which is intended to protect an individual from the effects of real or imagined change. While another scholars, Folger and Skarlicki (1999, p. 36) defined resistance as Employee behavior that seeks to challenge, disrupt or invert prevailing assumptions, discourses and power relations.Chawla and Kelloway (2004) said that resistance may be viewed from two different angles which were attitudinal and behavioral responses to change. They defined resistance as a phenomenon which can deter the overall change process, either by delaying or slowing chain reactor its beginning, or obstructing or hindering its implementation, and also increase its costs (Ansoff, 1990). The employees arent really resisting the change, but rather they may be resisting the loss of status, pay or comfort (Dent and Goldberg, 1999).In his studied, Zander (1950) mentioned that resistance occurs due to six primary reasons as follows a) the nature of the change is not made clear to the people who are going to be influenced by the change b) the change is open to a wide variety of interpretations c) those influenced feel strong forces deterring them from changing d) the people influenced by the change have pressure put on them to make it instead of having a say in the nature or direction of the change e) the change is made on ain grounds and f) the change ignores the existing established institution in the group.Major failures have been recorded for a vast majority of Systems Applications and Products (SAP) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementations. A majority of these failures were greatly connected to shortcomings regarding managing employee resistance (Aladwani, 2001). Resistance to change can be considered as important factor in determining the success of organizational change. Hong and Kim (2002) in their research related to critical success factors for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system implementation show that by lowering organizational resistance will increase the chances of success in implementing system.According to Pawlowsiki and Boudreau (1999), around half of Enterprise System (ES) projects failed to achieve its business objectives because of underestimation the efforts involved in managing change. In a recent study on impediments to successful ERP implementation, Kim, Lee and Gosain (2005) suggested five critical impediments as follows a) conflict of arouse b) in fitting human resources commitment c) lack of organizational change management expertise d) business processes not reengineered to take advantage of ERP and e) resistance of users. In their study, B. Fowke and D.Fowke, (1991) summed up resistance to change as a observation of cultural values and cultural strengths. They also concluded that resistance is an artifact of corporate culture and is largely unconscious. Because of this nature, resistance and cultural variables generally are rocky to understand. In order to facilitate a smooth transformational or change efforts implementation such as ERP, BPR, structure, etc. organizations must be competent in effective change management as well as manage any resistance to them. Hence, lower organizational resistance is expected to increase implementation success of transformational projects. . 4 Change Management Initiatives Research from past scholars have proved that most business process transformation failures are more caused by the processes if implementation rather than of the innovation itself (Klein et al, 2001). Summer (1999) found that many ERP implementation failures have been caused by lack of focus on the soft issues such as the business process and change management. While Appleton (1997) and Pawlowski and Boudreau (1999) estimated that half of ERP projects failed due to enterprise underestimating the efforts involved in change management.An appropriate change management model will assist not only in ensuring that employees are supported in the change process but also the resistance to the innovation will be cushioned. In order to establish an effective and a successful change management by changing the behavior of individuals, Kotter (1996) suggests the following eight pitfalls a) allowing too a good deal complacency b) failing to create a sufficiently powerful guiding coalition c) underestimating the power of vision d) under communicating the vision by factor of 10 e) permitting obstacles to block the new vision f) failing to create short-term wins ) declaring victory too soon and h) neglecting to anchor changes firmly in the corporate culture. Grover et al (1995) indicated how critical is an effective change management in implementing new technology and business process reengineering. Without an appropriate change management processes, enterprise may not be able to adapt to the new systems and to capitalize on performance gains (Kim et al, 2005). This can be further extended to mean that positioning an organization with adequate and finely-tuned change management processes and procedures nurtures radical changes more effectively.Acknowledging the need for a change is very important as the stronger the need for change, more and more top management and stakeholders will embrace change management initiatives to ensure success of the implementation of change. Norris et al (2000) pointed out that the tools of management for change are leadership, communication, training, planning, and incentive systems. They argued that these tools can be leveraged and are able to remove great obstacles with minimal efforts when applied properly. 2. 5. 1 LeadershipLorenzi et al (1999) writes that no matter how mislead a technological implementation can be, an absence of effective leadership can actually deteriorate all efforts. Clarke et al (1996) discovers that an individuals resistance to change maybe made perfects if his interest is being threatened in the proposal for change. To ov ercome employee resistance to change, leadership must involve employees to experience the need for the changes in effect (Pawar & Eastman, 1997). Organizations cannot separate effective leadership and their roles in accomplishing change management (Kotter, 1996).However, there are still many organizations do not envision the informative and political roles championed by management in the implementation of change efforts until there is a major failure (Huq et al, 2006). 2. 5. 2 Communication Communication is considered as one of the most critical success factors in implementing change (Waddel and Sohal, 1998). The manager and the project team must communicate and consult regularly with the employee to make change happen. Communication during change is often a bigger task than can be imagined.Stuart (1996) reports that there are communication principles that can be adopted such as message repletion (the more it is repeated, the less likely employees can forget), use of variety of medi a, face-to-face preferred, opinion leaders and personal relevant information rather than an abstraction. Every employee must be given the opportunity to be involved in all aspects of the change and they must be given the opportunity to provide feedback. 2. 5. 3 Training Training in change management has always been one major factor that is crucial to implementation of successes (Russo et al, 1999).According to a finding by Moore et al (2000), there is a direct relationship between training and the impact it has on a companys productivity. The report explains that employees who are trained more often are better able to sue resources at their disposal more effectively. The team that lead and involved in business process transformation needs to be trained in problem solving and communication from a initiation stage (Huq et al 2006) so that they can be educated on the governing and resistance factors (Lientz et al, 2004).Training in this regard should involve all employees involved in the change process, be directed towards skill enhancement and ensure that the new skills are implemented quickly and absorbed into the system. In most cases, resistance has come as a result of changes in the line of command. In other instances, exaggerated leverage and cost saving benefits of the new technology is emphasized with less and infinitesimal regard to retraining employees required for all transformational projects (Grover, 1999) Researcher such as Aladwani (2001) has used change management strategies as a moderator in his research framework.This is also consistent with other researchers (e. g. , Al-Mashari and Zairi, 2000 Aladwani, 1999) that responsiveness to internal customers is critical for an organization to avoid difficulties associated with the change. In this study, change management initiatives will represent the moderator variable. . Chapter 3 Methodology 3. 1 Research Framework This research explores and examines the relationship resistance to change and imple mentation success, and how change management initiatives act in the capacity of a moderating role. The theoretical framework for this study is presented in depict 3. . The independent variable (IV) of this study is only one which is resistance to change. Resistance to change for this model refers to 1) employee resisting to change, 2) cases of blaming occurrence, 3) employee persist old ways of doing thing, and 4) people wishing change to fail. This study framework requires two dependent variables (DV). The two dimensions of implementation success will become dependent variables. The first DV is predetermined goals. Predetermined goals refer to cost, timeline, performance and expected benefits of the implemented project.User satisfaction is the second dependent variables (DV). User satisfaction refers to user feeling using system, user satisfaction gain, and user satisfaction on the output of the system. In this framework, change management initiatives will act in the capacity of a moderating role. This study will examine on how well the moderator variable affects the relationship of the IV on the DV and interacts with the IV to predict outcome scores. The moderator variable refers to leadership, communication and change readiness. Implementation success * Predetermined goals * User satisfaction Resistance to changeChange management initiatives Figure 3. 1 Conceptual Framework This framework will use statistical moderation technique or hierarchical relapsing analysis. The change management initiatives such as getting the employee involved, attending to employee concerns, and making available support group will mitigate the effect of resistance to change and enhance implementation success. earliest user involvement in the design and implementation of new business processes as well as extensive top-down and cross-functional communication may generate enthusiasm for ERP (Stratman and Roth, 2002).Wee (2000) advocated that establishing a support organization suc h as help desk, online user manual, etc. is also critical to meet users needs and manage organizational change. Norris et al. (2000) pointed that the tools of management are leadership, communication, training, planning and incentive systems. They argued that these tools can be leveraged and are able to remove great obstacles with minimal efforts when applied properly. As such in this study we establish the following hypotheses- 3. 2 Research Design A descriptive research design was used in this study.In addition to collecting descriptive data about resistance to change and implementation success, the study will investigate change management initiatives impact on the relationship of independent variable and both dependent variables. The variables in the study were identified through a review of relevant research literature. The research provided insights and an in-depth understanding of the topic and problems, which would result in the recommendations of necessary steps that could b e undertaken. 3. 3 Data Collection (Sampling and Procedures)In this quantitative research we are using primary data collection, specifically for this research, by survey technique. The survey is using a set of questionnaires which developed for this research. The survey research is chosen because it is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied complaisant research. The unit of analysis is individual, which mean the eligible employee of Pos Malaysia. 3. 4. 1 Sampling Population The selected respondents represent a balanced mix of employees from various level that affected by the organizational transformation project in terms of they carry out their day to day function.The population of interest in this research was the employees of Post Malaysia Berhad. 3. 4. 2 Sampling Size The target sample for this study is employees who work in Klang Valley that involved in business transformational projects in Pos Malaysia. In this study, 130 questionnaires will be distributed a nd to be used as a sampling to test reliability of this study. 3. 4. 3 Data collection Data collection used in this study was cross-sectional analysis which takes place at a single point in time.Cross-sectional studies are used in most branches of science, in the affectionate sciences and in other fields as well. Cross-sectional research takes a slice of customers satisfaction target group and bases its overall finding on the views or behaviors of those targeted, assuming them to be typical of the whole group. 3. 3. 4Data Analysis Technique This section describes methods to be used in the data analysis. The data collected was analyzed with the statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 18.Initially, the data was coded in numerical order before it was entered into the statistical program. Subsequently, the data was screened and treated for errors and missing values. The various statistical technique used were descriptive analysis namely factor analysis, reliability analy sis, correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. Frequency tables were generated to provide frequency and percentages of demographic characteristics of respondents. Chapter 4 Results and Discussions This chapter is dedicated to the analysis of data collected through questionnaire.The main objectives of the study were to look at the significant relationship between employee resistance to change in Pos Malaysia and implementation success with change management initiatives as the moderating roles as shown in the theoretical framework. The data used in this study were gathered from Pos Malaysias employees, one of the major service organizations in the country. 4. 1 Overview of data collected One hundred thirty (130) copies of questionnaires were distributed but only one hundred twenty four (124) feedbacks received from respondents. The percentages of respondents feedback were 95. 0%, while 4. 60% did not respond. After the coding processes were completed, all 124 questio nnaires were ready to be analyzed. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 18 and discussed individually in the following order (i) frequency analysis, (ii) factor analysis, (iii) reliability, (iv) correlation analysis, and (v) hierarchical regression analysis. This study also discussed thoroughly the relationship between the resistance to change and implementation success that might contribute to research finding.Besides, respondents demographic write was also analyzed in order to examine the pattern of employees preferences and their interpretation of implementation success according to the variables. 4. 2 Frequency Analysis This section illustrates the demographic profile of the respondents. The questionnaire included a segment on employees profile, as an assortment of demographic and other factors were likely to influence the degree of implementation success of transformational projects in Pos Malaysia. 4. 2. 1 Gender Table 4 . 1 represents respondents based on their gender.The result shows that 71 respondents or 57. 3% of the whole respondents were male. Apart from that, 53 respondents were female or 42. 7% of the whole respondents. Table 4. 1 Frequency payoff of responsives Gender Gender Frequency share valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Male 71 57. 3 57. 3 57. 3 Female 53 42. 7 42. 7 100. 0 Total 124 100. 0 100. 0 4. 2. 2 Age Result from the Table 4. 2 shows that the sample employees were mostly in the age group below 35 years (54. 0%). From the table age between 36 40 years is 12. 9%, 41-45 years is 16. % and above 46 years old 16. 1%. Table 4. 2 Frequency Output of Respondents Age Age Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 20-25 16 12. 9 12. 9 12. 9 26-30 27 21. 8 21. 8 34. 7 31-35 24 19. 4 19. 4 54. 0 36-40 16 12. 9 12. 9 66. 9 41-45 21 16. 9 16. 9 83. 9 46 20 16. 1 16. 1 100. 0 Total 124 100. 0 100. 0 4. 2. 3 Position Result shown in Table 4. 3 indicates that 84 respondents were predominantly the front line employees (68. 5%), followed by 31 respondents were supervisors (25. 0%), 6 respondents were managers (4. %) and, only 2 respondents were elderberry bush management staff (1. 6%). This implies that respondents represent the actual user of the outcome from the transformational projects. Table 4. 3 Frequency Output of Respondents Position Position Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid senior management 2 1. 6 1. 6 1. 6 management 6 4. 8 4. 8 6. 5 supervisory 31 25. 0 25. 0 31. 5 operational/clerical 85 68. 5 68. 5 100. 0 Total 124 100. 0 100. 0 4. 2. 4 Location It was obviously indicated that most of respondents were located the operation sites (80. 6%). And 19. % of respondents were from the headquarters of Pos Malaysia. The result shown in Table 4. 4. Table 4. 4 Frequency Output of Respondents Location Location Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid HQ 24 19. 4 19. 4 19. 4 Others 100 80. 6 80. 6 100. 0 Total 124 100. 0 100. 0 4. 3Discussion Many corporations embarked in transforming their organization in order to become competitive. Various transformational initiatives were deployed such as BPR, ERP, Lean Six-Sigma, Supply Chain Management etc. but, relatively little research has been conducted about the implementation success.In this study, interdict organizational response was found related to the implementation success to transformational initiatives. Resistance to change was negatively related to user satisfaction, but positively related to predetermined goals. Another significant finding was change management initiatives are not qualify as a moderating variable in both relationship of resistance to change and implementation success variables. As recommended by Hong and Kim (2002), change management initiatives can be treated as an independent variable to predicting the success of transformational initiatives.In general, organizations must seriously deploy an effective change management to generate buy-in or ownership level of commitment of their employees in order to ensure success of transformational projects implementation. In the next section, more in-depth discussion of the results will be carried out. 4. 3. 1Resistance to change and user satisfaction As mentioned in the old chapter, resistance to change was found negatively related with user satisfaction. The finding is consistent the research carried out by Hong and Kim (2002) and Ahmed et al. (2006).In the case of high resistance, the employees will feel unhappy with the changes imposed on them. This situation will find an employee with low satisfaction. An unhappy employee is not good for the organization because they are less productive and more likely to have higher absence rate (Corporate Leadership Council, 2003). This result indicates that management must effectively establish a lean and user-friendly new processes or system when transforming organization. This can be do ne by ensuring an effective process reengineering exercise during early implementation phase.During this exercise, management should include the affected employees in the team that design new processes or system. The outcome of the process reengineering must pay more attention to the end user (people) and emphasize more on human issues. This suggestion is consistent with proposal made by Holsapple et al. (2005). 4. 3. 2Resistance to change and Predetermined goals Another significant result found in this study was the positive relationship between resistance to change and predetermined goals. This finding was against the study made by Ahmed et al. (2006).The result interprets that high deviation of the pre-set goals will emerge whenever resistance to change is high. It indicates that high resistance able to influence timeline, cost management or benefits realization during implementation of transformational projects. A project that took longer time to complete or high cost overrun, o r difficult to slang the benefits can be said experiencing with high resistance employees during implementation. Organization must be competent in effective change management that involves the affected employees to accept the changes in order to facilitate a smooth ERP implementation (Ahmed et al. 2006). The information about the transformational projects which include cost, timeline, deliverables and expected benefit should be made available and all the way communicated to affected employees. Ahmed et al. (2006) also noted that any effort to educate users through a structured program will overcome resistance issues during implementation. 4. 3. 3Change management initiatives Although change management was found not moderated the relationship between resistance to change and implementation success, it still remains critical for implementation of any transformational projects.Change management has a significant relationship to implementation success and resistance to change. This st udy shows that an effective change management is able to increase user satisfaction and also will assist in achieving all predetermined goals. It means that change management plays an important factor in ensuring the success of implementation. Change management initiatives were also found to have a negative relation with resistance to change. This result is consistent with Ahmed et al. (2006) study.They stated that change management initiatives will help in reducing the negative impact whenever there is resistance among employees. Kim et al. (2005) suggested that change management should not only carried out by the project team, but also to others. Therefore it is important for the senior management team to play active roles in change management initiatives. Change management tools such as leadership, communication, training, planning and incentive can be leveraged and are able to remove any resistance during implementation of the changes (Norris et al. , 2000). Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation 5. 1 SummaryThe main objective of this study is to examine various factors that contributed to the implementation success of transformational initiatives in service organization, which is Pos Malaysia. The studied factors were resistance to change, change management initiatives, predetermined goals and user satisfaction. A total of 130 sets questionnaires were distributed to various sites in Klang Valley and 124 sets (95. 4%) sets were returned. All data was analyzed by using SPSS ver. 18 software. In this study, all hypotheses were tested with hierarchical regression analysis to determine it significant level of DV, IV and MV relationship.As a result, two out of the four null hypotheses were rejected. Table 5. 1 shows the summarization the findings of this study. 5. 2 Recommendation Since that not many studies were being made in organizational change, followings are the list of recommendations for future research. 5. 3. 1 Sampling size Future study should includ e respondents from other service organizations either at regions or state in order to obtain more robust results. The outcome will able to generalize the research results to the whole population of service organizations in Malaysia. 5. 3 ConclusionIn this study, resistance to change had been examined and confirmed as a critical factor in explaining implementation success of transformational initiatives. The management should keep resistance as low as possible in order the success in implementing transformational projects. In addition, this study also found that change management was not act as a moderating variable in relationship of resistance to change and implementation success. Although it is contradicted result from previous researches particularly change management initiatives as moderating variable.These results can be concluded as accurate in Pos Malaysias perspective since each organization has different demographic profile that affects implementation success. Overall of th e study revealed that the human factor such as employees acceptance of the changes imposed to them, as well as understanding of objectives and benefits of the changes are the important issues in implementing organizational changes in service organization, specifically Pos Malaysia Berhad. These issues if not seriously anticipated may lead to development of negative organizational response in the organization.Finally, in order to overcome this problem, the management should embark on a structured program to educate the user about the potential benefits of the new processes or system. This may in many ways able to reduce the potential resistance and increase the likelihood of a successful implementation of any transformational projects. Reference Ahmed, Z. U. , Zbib, I. , Arokiasamy, S. , Ramayah, T. & Chiun, L. M. (2006), Resistance to Change and ERP Implement Success The Moderating Role of Change Management Initiatives, Asian Academy of Management Journal, 11(2), 1-17 Aladwani, A. ( 2001).Change management strategies for successful ERP implementation systems. Business Process Management Journal, 7, 266-275 Ansoff, I. H. (1990). Implanting Strategic Management. London Pretice-Hall International Ltd. Berita Harian On-line. (April 1, 2010). Khazanah Nasional kuasai untung kumpulan 20 GLC http//www. bharian. com. my/bharian/articles/KhazanahNasionalkuasaiuntungkumpulan20GLC/Article/ Chawla, A. & Kelloway, E. K. (2004). Predicting openness and commitment to change. The Leadership & Organizational tuition Journal, 25, 485-498 Clarke, J. , Ellett, C. , Bateman, J. & Rugutt, J. (1996) Faculty Receptivity/Resistance to Change, Personal and Organizational Efficacy, Decision Deprivation and Effectiveness in Research Universities. Paper presented at the Twenty-first Annual conflux of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Memphis, TN. October 31-November 3. Cooper, R. and Kaplan, R. S. , (1988). How cost accounting distorts product cost, Management Accounting , April, 2027 Cooper, R. B. and Zmud, R. W. , (1990). Information Technology Implementation Research A proficient Diffusion Approach, Management Science, 36(2), 123-139

Policy Analysis Paper/CJA/464 Essay

Policy is a large part of policing in the United States. Policy helps set law, and law helps keep order amid the chaos if enforced properly. just now every policy must be looked at carefully before, during and after enforcement to make sure that policy is and continues to be the best fit for the issues at hand. sometimes looking at two policies and comparing them can help find a solution in the middle. It is important to put across a policy a realistic goal, to accomplish in a realistic time in order to find out if it was truly effective or not.Crime have Model/ Due Process Model Crime tone down model stupefys emphasis on using more police and harder court sentences to help deter and hopefully reduce criminal offence. It utilizes the powers held by the government to defend the mickle, with limited regards to their rights (Sociology Index, 2013). It favors tougher punishment to crimes and on the criminals that perform them. Crime Control model argues that sometimes, persons s hould give up their rights, to protect and benefit society as a whole. Often batch are assumed to be guilty until proven necessitous.Due Process tries to focus on the rights of the individuals and limiting the power held by the government. People that wish to limit government tend to favor the receivable process model over the crime control model. In the due process model, people are innocent until proven guilty, and are not adequately punished until their guilt is well established by the criminal justice system. Each model has their place in our criminal justice system, having both strengths and weaknesses. As society changes, the models must be willing to mountain off to adapt to the crime conditions for that time.Both embrace some aspects of the core values of the constitution, and while the ways they can work together are few, they do have their moments. Policies/ Opinion The Border Search of Information Policy is a policy set forth in 2008 which allows Border Patrol agents the ability to research and seize both printed and electronic materials and devices without needing a warrant or probable cause (CPB, 2008). If an individual is going through a check point or both Border Patrol station, the officers may choose to pull them aside for a random inspection.During the course of that inspection they may go through any and all electronic and printed items (ACLU, 2013). ICE and Department of Homeland Security have similar policies. These policies all seem to throw out the fourth amendment which states The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violate, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.(Fourth Amendment, 1789) Some argue that this is a necessary right to forgo, to stop such things as child pornography, or links t o terrorism (DHS, 2014). I have even heard the excuse of If you have nothing to hide, it shouldnt be a problem. I respectfully have to disagree, quoting Benjamin Franklin They who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety. (Franklin).Currently this policy seems to favor crime control, and not due process, violating peoples rights without just cause. Roles of the Courts The courts play a few roles in this policy. One role is as they are prosecuting the violations several cases might get throw out due to the constitutionality of the search. Courts have the power to look at this policy, and try to find a way to fix the constitutional rights that are being violated within before people that deserve to get punished, get set free to continue their illegal activities.If this does not change, many more innocent people maybe hurt as their rights are violated trying to take on to catch people that will try to get away with a crime any way they can. Some may think they have nothing to hide, that theyve done nothing wrong, only to be caught because in a text contentedness they talk about something private that may raise questions in the eyes of the officer. Conclusion . The people need to know that they are going to be innocent until proven guilty and they have to trust that the government always has their best interest in mind.This includes keeping their essential constitutional rights in mind, and protecting them from achievable abuse of power by officers who feel above the law. Due process and Crime control models do have their place, and the countrys courts must attempt to find a balance between the rights of the individuals and the protection of society. By analyzing the policies at hand, and establishing clear boundaries ensures that the criminals are caught the correct way, and the rights of the innocent people are left undamaged.

Personal experience in the war in Counter- Attack Essay

By considering one of the poems that you have read, explain how the poet presents their view of the conflict Counter-AttackSiegfried Sassoon presents his personal experience in the state of war in Counter- Attack with raw brutal imagery of the battlefield, the legion(predicate) sensory feelings provoking terror and outrage at the war, coupled with the stark contrast of report-like statements to at last convey the futility of the conflict, and the massive waste of life.Sassoon immediately affordes the sense of emotional detachment in the conflict the opening lines simply state that they had gained (their) first objective hours in the first place, provoking horror at the fact that soldiers were forced to fight in inhumane conditions and last were made to detach themselves from the terror of watching their friends being murdered.A semi-omniscient narration is maintained to establish the collective horror of the war, the fact that all soldiers would almost always face the same sh ow as the previous had and corpse set throughout the poem as the contrast to the emotional detachment presented. The poet describes how at first even forward the attack begins the soldiers are already craft with smoke, yet they are made to continue to work as soon as dawn begins all the soldiers are immediately forced to gist in with the clink of shovels, a sign of the hard conditions of living in the trenches, while the militaristic onomatopoeia coincides with the perceived narrateliness, such as the bombers posted and Lewis guns well position.The poet therefore establishes the horror of the almost methodical methods to which the war was fought, and that the death that would come later made to seem almost mechanical. Sassoon also emphasises that these soldiers are simply approach pattern men, many whom are young and forced to fight when he describes how prior to the counter-attack, there was a yawning soldier kneeling across the bank in order to keep their morale up, they ar e forced to become sardonic, sarcastically describing the weather as the jolly old rain, yet serving to reinforce the subject matter that the conflict has forced people to become detached from their emotions and feelings.The horror of the battlefield is also clearly defined Sassoon describes the average life in the trenches even before the counter-attack to be one rotten with dead green clumsy legs. The use of rotten inherently suggests that the battlefield is full of bodies, many of which are likely to be decomposing which yet heightens the horror in which these soldiers must live their daily lives. They are in effect also forced to separate themselves from the sights death is a normality in warfare, and the raw description of various soldiers sprawled and grovelled along the trenches defines the sheer brutality they face.The men are reduced from strong, able men who were previously high-booted to being powerless in the face of war, some even described as eventually dying face downward, a possible reference to the conflict only bringing doom to their lives. The battlefield is not only strewn with countless bodies, but also described as treacherous itself the mud is personified as sucking the go soldiers down into it with little remorse, creating a sense of the indignity of the soldiers deaths. The soldiers that are still alive are simply wallowing like trodden sand-bags, indication of the hopelessness and lack of control in the situation they face. They are also metaphorically loosely-filled, hinting possibly that these men are also physically as well as mentally exhausted, hence the soldier having knelt against the bank.The sudden switch from the collection of soldiers to the single one in the second stanza points towards Sassoons idea of the wrongs of war the stark reality that war costs numerous lives and each soldier is in effect a whole life, the one about to be lost in the war is as just as important. To describe the intensity of the conflict, the poet describes how this single soldier responds with such worry in that he becomes mute in the clamour of shells, simply reduced as he recoils from the initial shock of warfare.Yet quite than recovering from his initial shock, in the long run the soldier is described by Sassoon as helpless, as he crouched and flinched, dizzy with galloping fear, reduced almost to primal instinct when faced with such a large strangled horror. The battlefield along with its weaponry spouts dark earth and fit with gusts from hell the poet explains the terrible nature of the war, likened to hell wrecking its destruction onto the battlefield, and in the remnants of the carnage the soldier can only hear the butchered, frantic gestures of the dead an oxymoron to establish the fact that death on the battlefield is so sudden and brutal it is literally incomprehensible.Sassoons view of the conflict is described as being ultimately futile the first stanza already indicates that there are numerous bulged, clotted heads scattered throughout, grotesque imagery that also provides an ominous undertone to the counter-attack. These bodies are also described as sleeping rather than the stark reality that they are dead, pointing to the normality of the situation. To add further to the futility, even the officer of the trench is blundering, somewhat dark frivolity in the face of terrible times, and he continues only by gasping and bawling in shock. In contrast to the dead lifeless nature of the soldiers, it is the ammunition that is full alive in this case bullets spat at them, traversing sure as fate, and never a dud, adding to the certainty of death in the conflict.The soldier Sassoon describes ultimately meets his fate in a spout of confusion indicated by the sudden ellipses in his thoughts and he called his riflerapid fire Notably the soldier himself cannot remember to hold onto his own rifle shock is combined with futility in that the soldier cannot arm himself and is therefore helple ss, akin to almost all the other soldiers in the trenches. His fate is one that ends with him having bled to death. Heavy consonants throughout the line along with repetition emphasise the futile nature in which he dies Down, and down, and down, he sank and drowned.The poem establishes Sassoons opinion of the conflict being one filled with horror, forced emotional detachment and ultimately the underlying futility of the war in the soldiers confusion and the mechanical putting to death presented. The poem never aligns with any set line structure in order to add to this confusion, and the poem is closed with the simple factual statement the counter-attack had failed, in line with the opening line to create a contrast and show the real brutal nature of war people become numbers rather than the real human beings presented in the second stanza.

How Significant Was the Presence of Foreign Powers as an Influence on the Nature and Growth of Arab Nationalism in the Years 1900-2001

How signifi mintt was the presence of foreign powers as an influence on the record and growth of Arab patriotism in the years 1900-2001? During the years 1900-2001 a number of significant interventions occurred which touch on the growth and nature of Arab nationalism. Several key pressures considerably influenced a change in the nature of nationalism including, economic levers, agreements and troops presenses in the center(a) eastside. Arab nationalism arose out of the fear of the possibility and later the foreg one and only(a) conclusion of European or American dominance. The emerging ideology believed all Arabs to be united by some(prenominal) a shared language and history.Foreign intervention in the Middle East long predated the First human race War, dating back to during the 19th century. However, the time in which it had most effect on Arab nationalism in the area str etceteraed from 1914 onwards. During this period umpteen Arabs were resentful of being dominated by out side powers. Therefore, the link mingled with foreign intervention between 1900 and 2001 and the consequent changes to Arab nationalism were very strong. In the years before 1900, nationalism had always been an to a lower placelying movement in the Middle East. Martin Kramer demonstrates this view of Arab nationalism Awake, O Arabs, and arise.By selecting this parlance from an Arab poem Kramer shows that the Arab desire for an uprising is trying to be stirred. However, he goes on to voice the opinion of, many Arabs have suspended their belief in the Arab nation, and now openly doubt whether there is a corporal Arab mission. This has led to a triumph of the nation states, whereby Arabs prefer to be seen as Syrian, Egyptian etc. This was the result of the retreat of Arab nationalism. In the 19th century, the pull Empire tried to combat the growth of European power and influence.Borrowing money to develop their infrastructure, and modernise industry. However, modernisation saw th em diminution even more under the control of the Europeans, who provided loans for the plaster bandage. Academics the likes of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Qasim Amin encouraged the reinterpretation of Moslem principles in response to the modern world as a way to break free from the foreign powers colonialism, especially Europes. Nationalist movements, like the Young Turks of Anatolia, also arose. Secular nationalism was especially strong among non-Muslim communities, which could not full articipate in Islamic nationalist movements. Arab nationalism within individual states was beginning to challenge the authority of the footstool Empire. Greece won freedom from the Ottomans in 1832, and other Balkan nations began to follow suit. The British decided to enter the region following a usual speech by Asquith, he declared, It is the Ottoman government, and not we, who have rung the death knell of Ottoman dominion not only in Europe but in Asia. The following month an access was la unched against the Ottomans. This was the beginning of British intervention in the Middle East.After WW1 Europe still regarded the Arabs as a subject area race that were ruled by the British. It was also felt that the Arabs should be grateful that theyd been liberated from the Ottoman rule. The sole key figure to believe that Arab self-de end pointination was underestimated was Woodrow Wilson of America. When Britain was to move into Egypt and discover the wealth of the cotton industry, however, the Egyptian Arabs were still in famine, poverty and were denied the right to take any part in Egyptian legislature. As a result nationalism fermented even further.Agreements including the Hussein-McMahon correspondence, Sykes-Picot and the San Remo resolution provoked and increased Arab distrustfulness of the Europeans. This view is back up by William L. Cleveland in his book detailing the Middle East . He believed the Hussein-McMahon correspondence showed Hussein as initially having lim ited or no Arab nationalist qualities. He was not an Arab nationalist and did not count on in terms of the ideology of Arabism. He was instead an ambitious dynast who used his Islamic status as Sharif Hussein wanted to claim his familys kingdom and gain sole power.This was also true of the Arab fighters in the 1916 Arab revolt aided by the British they wanted gold and weapons much more than Arab independence. Cleveland highlights these points and the fact that the promises do in the correspondence prompted contentment on both sides, as the British wanted to see the fall of the Ottomans and Hussein wanted attractorship. However, McMahons language was so ambiguous and so vague.. that it has given rise to distant interpretations over whether Palestine was included as part of the future independent Arab state.It is for this reason that the Arabs began to distrust Britain. The correspondence was between the British high commissioner, Sir Henry McMahon and descendant of the prophet a nd Arab leader, Sharif Hussein. For the British it was a expedient agreement as they already saw the Ottomans as a threat. However in the long term it caused unrest in the Middle East and widespread distrust of Britain. The agreement is useful in demonstrate the unclear language used by the British to avoid all having to give land to the Arabs or create an argument. Deborah J.Gerner agrees with Cleveland in that secret agreements , caused Britain especially to be viewed negatively by the Arabs It is clear from this agreement Sykes-Picot that Britain had no intention of fulfilling its commitment to support Arab independence in the Levant at the end of the war, whatever faculty have been promised in the Hussein-McMahon correspondence. This was the view many Arab nationalists would have taken. This secondary source offers a late twentieth century vantage point of the deal which gives it an extra degree of credibility. From 1900 to 2001, the coupled States has had global interests in the Middle East, the U. S. as made itself a key foreign power by using its strong diplomatic, economic, and military power in support of its national interests. This was demonstrated in 1919 where under President Woodrow Wilson the League of Nations was organize it was quick to hand out a series of mandates laying out the colonial boundaries of the Middle East according to the U. S. These boundaries were not ideal for the Middle east inhabitants however, the U. S. managed to maintain a positive reputation passim World War One. I believe this to be a result of the British-French mistrust created as a result of previous agreements that were not stuck to.Therefore the US seemed more trustworthy and was viewed as a valuable ally. In the years between the wars Arab nationalist opposition towards foreign intervention continued to grow. By 1952, Gamal Abdal Nasser had led a coup against the Egyptian king and was named president of Egypt. He ended official British influence and becam e a truly symbolic leader for all Arabs. He tried to unite Egypt and Syria into a single United Arab Republic, but this attempt lasted for only a few years. It was clear Nasser saw foreign powers such as Britain as intervening trouble makers this is demonstrated by his clear dis-like of the capital of Iraq pact of 1955. Nasser saw the Baghdad Pact as an instrument of westerly intervention and he feared that Jordan, Lebanon and Syria might also be persuade to join . In order to conquer this threat from the west Nasser utilised the power of radio to station to millions of Arabs all over the world. This was perhaps the start of a worldwide effort for Arabs to unite, therefore, Egypts opposition to the westward intervention in the Middle East was a main contributor to the growth of Arab Nationalism in the 1950s.Nassers personal international prestige grew immensely and by the end of 1955 he was seen as the leader of the Arab world. This was important as the Arabs now had a firm iden tity and leader to follow, incomparable to the Are we Arabs one big lie? question voiced in Kramers book. Between 1955 and 1958 key events occurred which furthered the growth of Arab nationalism. Firstly, the Czech arms deal of September 1955 Nasser had agreed to buy arms from the Czech government, including Soviet aircraft and tanks.Once again Nasser was masking his independent power and this created a worry for the West, however, the worry was not without cause as on tryout the military saucilys Arabs all over the world began to rejoice in their Arab-ness and the conquering of the foreign powers. akin(predicate) joy followed in 1956 with the Suez crisis, Britain and France were severely humiliated at having failed to regain control of the Suez canal. Even though the line had been withdrawn from as a result of the U. S. withdrawing their support, the Arab world saw this as a victory against Western powers.As a result of long years of Western dominance, a small victory such maintaining the Suez Canal led to widespread Arab nationalism. In the 1940s the U. S. began to involve itself more thoroughly in Middle Eastern politics. This was in order to protect its national interests, the most important being the fight against communism, namely the Soviets during the moth-eaten War. Guaranteeing a secure supply of oil, and ensuring that no single power dominated the region were big priorities for the U. S. much recently, fighting terrorism was made a priority especially after 9/11 in 2001. The U.S. has supported leaders and governments it considered to be stable allies, like the Saudi royal family, Israel, and Egyptian governments, since Anwar Sadat was elected in 1970. A good example of the U. S. hindering the growth of Arab Nationalism whilst protecting self interests was in 1953 when unquiet about growing Soviet influence in Iran during the Cold War, the U. S. toppled the regime of Irans elected prime minister Mossadeq, who intended to nationalise the I ranian oil industry. The U. S. backed a coup against Mossadeq and forced the election of the three-year-old Reza, Shah of Iran.America had demonstrated its control over the region and whilst this could have created anger and a sense of nationalism, it was not to fully rise until 1979. The new prime minister enforced many western policies throughout his reign and was leave of a very oppressive government. 1979 led to an Islamic revolution against the Shahs regime and put a new kind of Islamic state into power governed by Islamic jurists and scholars. The popular disgust of the Shah also created hatred of his American supporters, and the revolutions anti-American passion led to the raid of the U. S.Embassy in Tehran, where 53 hostages were held for more than a year. This is a prime example of how a foreign power created a violent change in the nature of Arab Nationalism, an earlier example of this can also be shown from the Palestinian refugee problem up until 1949, this was the re sult of an spry Zionist effort that began before the turn of the century. Such historians as Ben Gurion supported this Israel was intended to be a national home for Jews, both spiritually, historically and physically. Nearly 75,000 Jews fleeing persecution from Nazi Germany, found refuge there.But its creation came at a heavy price. In addition to the many Jews who died struggling to create the new state, many Arabs were killed and hundreds of thousands of Arabs were either displaced by Jewish settlers or became unwilling citizens of Israel and voluntarily left the region. The U. S. under President Truman were firmly in support of the new Jewish homeland and this was confirmed when American airplanes were seen as essential to the Israeli victory in the 1967 Six-Day War that placed Israel against Arab powers.And when the Yom Kippur War in 1973 again threatened the Jewish state, a coarse U. S. airlift of war material was crucial to Israels survival in the conflict. Up until this eve nt the U. S. had been seen to be super forward in trying to gain peace between Israel and its Arab neighbours, key achievements included the 1978 Camp David conflict that negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel and the 1993 Oslo peace agreements that established a framework for negotiating peace between the Israelis and Palestinians started the process for achieving a Palestinian state peacefully.However some Arab critics claim the superpower had not done all that it can to bring about peace in the region. Especially as much of the U. S. support to Israel was in the form of military equipment and the U. S. economy and jobs were devoted to continually upgrading the Israeli army. Some Palestinians argue that the U. S. was too committed in its support for Israel to make unbiased decisions and was unwilling to pressure the Israelis to negotiate peace, interested only in fuelling the rivals.