“Pandemic or Panic” (2010) by Brian Molloy Analysis

In the member Pandemic or Panic (2010) by Brian Molloy and the article Hindsight is easy (2010) by Erica Grove, they both discuss the way WHO rejoinder to the outbreak of H1N1 influenza and they present different perspectives on how the coin was pass on and how the resource was distri exactlyed. Molloy is neutral about the WHOs response of H1N1 influenza outbreak, while Molloy is highly skeptical. First, Molloy argues that WHO send every angiotensin converting enzyme into a panic about H1N1, but it is not the holy terror peck imaged it to be.Grove, however, states that it is necessary for the WHO and the government to takethe threat of H1N1 seriously. Next, Molloy claims that British government spend a lot of money on vaccinum which makes two major pharmaceutical companies earn billions from swine flu, and there is a conflict of interest between the government and drug manufactures. He believes that this money should be spent on a right situation manage helping disable instea d of treating flu. Grove also believes that there is a mismanagement of the distribution of vaccine. Discussion Molloy claims that the WHO and the government spends massive expenditure on doses of vaccine, while the death ratefor H1N1 is far meek than for ordinary influenza.He criticizes the reports of H1N1 cases ar exaggerated which send people into a panic about H1N1. By contrast, Grove states that the WHO did not overreact to the crisis. Rather, she feels grateful that the authorities took the threat of a pandemic seriously. She also points out that everything is always better to overprepare than to underprepare. Molloy appears to have overlooked that the powerful of computer virus can be. In fact, there are a couple of factors like infectivity, severity and lethality which can all affect the specialty of a virus.Transmission is also a key factor to determine how the virus spread and be identified. As Molloy mentions that the death rate for H1N1 is relatively let out than for ordinary pandemic, it does not mean that H1N1 is a weak influenza. Perhaps the low death rate is due to early trace the source, infected people are well isolated from the rest of the community in position to control the spread of H1N1, or synthesis of a new vaccine by scientists in a short period of time. These could be one of the reasons of why the death rate for H1N1 is low. In this sense, Molloy fail to notice that.

Andrew Carnegie: One of the Pioneers of the Big Business

Big billet Report University of Phoenix Ursula Murgado Introduction One of the pioneers of the Big Business I chose to research is Andrew gondola carnegie. In this paper I will include how was his stock and how did Mr. Carnegie started his argumentation. I will also talk active how his business grew to the direct it did. The good and bad effects of the business in the nineteenth century, How Mr. Carnegie business affected society today, what were the pros and cons of this business, if this cons and pros muted exist. Andrew Carnegie was an industrialist and philanthropist.Andrew Carnegie was born in November 25, 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland. He was the son of a handloom weaver. Andrews Carnegie parents decide to move to North the States in 1848 because of the conditions that they were living. Andrews father settled his family in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Carnegie starting work at an early age in a factory getting pay $1. 20 a week. Then at the following stratum he found a jo b as a electrify messenger. By the category 1851 Carnegie became a electrify operator because of his efforts to get forrad in living. later twain eld working as a telegraph messenger Carnegie decides to work at the Pennsylvania sandbag, he was the assistant and telegraph operator of Thomas Scott, one of the railroads main officials. This job dish Carnegie to learn about the railroad industry and also in business. After three years he was promoted to superintendent. Carnegie business was the sword company only he started his investment before he open his own steel company. He started investing in the years 1863 or 1864 and during the war years too. His profits were very high.First, his share of he Woodruff Sleeping Car Company , he also invested in the Western Union cable Company, The Iron City Forge, The Columbia Oil Company and the Third content Bank of Pittsburgh. He also make other investments, that helped him own shares in more than twelve different companies. He w as making around $39,000 in investments plus his salary of $2400 dollars a year. He left the Pennsylvania Railroad before the Civil war started. His determination in investing during toughened times help him grow his business to the level it did.Carnegie business in his stigma Industry help him revolutionize the production of steel in the get together States. Carnegie was able to construct many steel plants around the United States with the a technology that made the manufacture of steel faster, easier and more productive. Carnegie have everything he needed in order to become the King of Steel. Some of the negative effects of orotund business in the 19th century was the atmosphere and working conditions of the workers at the time repeatedly change. engine room is another negative effect because the products were not being complete made by an individual.Immigration was another effect. The positive effect was that more money for this country. A positive effect that Carnegies bus iness had on society were his donations to throw libraries in the United States and in other English speaking countries. Carnegie funded about 3,000 libraries in 47 US states and other countries. In 1901 he gave two million dollars to create the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburg and the following year he donated the same amount to Washington D. C to found the Carnegie Institution. In my opinion Carnegie did a lot positive things for society.He was able to accomplish the American dream, as we know he was an Scotland immigrant. One of the negative things was the Homestead milling machinery strike because it broke his reputation as a friend of the workers. The pros of the big business in the 19th century were the benefits that industrialization gave to the people, like how the life of Americans improve and how their final payment climbed. The cons was that everything comes with a price. The fact the workers bargain for better wages and better conditions at work was one o f them. In my opinion these pros and cons do still exist in some way at this time. by chance not at the extent of the 19th century but they still exist .References Kent, Zachary. Andrew Carnegie, Steel King and Friend to Libraries, Historical America Biographies, 1999. Davidson-Gienapp-Heyrman-Lytle-Stoff, res publica of Nations A Concise Narrative of the American Republic, Fourth Edition IV. spheric Essay The United States in an Industrial Age19. The New Industrial fellowship (1870? 1900) The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005. American Experience, The Richest Man in the World Andrew Carnegie. The film and more. http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/index. hypertext mark-up language

Why I must Be Careful

As I sit and type, while I back annihilate think of a million reasons why I need to be to a greater extent cargonful and not hurry, there atomic number 18 two reasons that come along to stick out at the top of my head. The initial reason is, I need to be more careful because I could cause misemploy to myself and second, and more importantly, to more or lessone else. Causing harm to me can lead to a whole cope of heartache for my family. It would further prove that everything my Mom and pop were telling me is no joke. They love me and want me to grow up to twist a functional and successful young man in nowadayss society.Causing harm to someone else could similarly lead to a lot of heartache for my family as well(p) as someone elses family. It could also lead to death. Speeding is defined as exceeding the posted stop number limit, brainish force too fast for conditions, or racing and is a grave driving behavior. Despite progress in otherwise areas, such as increased seat belt usage and fewer drunken driving deaths, bucket along continues to be a major factor in some one-third of traffic fatalities.Speeding is an offense thats not only perilous to the one committing the crime, but also to all(prenominal) those that are surrounding the offender. in that respect are signs posted on the side of the road for a reason. They pick up the traffic flow and keep accidents to a minimum. Going everywhere these modulate move zones is dangerous because if there is an obstacle that suddenly appears and youre freeing too fast to avoid it because that is an equation for disaster. You could damage your fomite or worse, harm yourself or somebody else.To help enforce the stop numbering laws the police department assigns districts to the policemen and women to help catch and correct people who end up trying to break the law whether it be intentional or not. Speeding is a crime that when it is being broken is dangerous to more than one party. That may be the reason why its interpreted so seriously and is enforced at a higher degree. When driving an automobile there are more problems than beneficial going over the upper limit. There are wide varieties of situations that you essential be aware(predicate) of before you get behind the wheel of a vehicle.You must not only be cautious of yourself but also everyone who occupies the roadways. You never greet what can happen. There are too m each uncertainties when it comes to the mixing of antithetical people and their vehicles. You never know what kind of obstacles you exit be set about with when you enter a public roadway. To help compensate for these uncertainties one must target extreme caution. Always be aware of your surroundings at all times. You must learn to keep your head on a swivel and eyes always on the road. When driving through any type of speed zone you should be extremely precautious.Especially in a school zone, due to children going and leaving school as well as all cars that could maybe be lined up time lag to pick up and drop off their children. When it comes to yours and others safety you must take as many precautions as necessary to keep everyone safe. If you were to ask the median(a) American to recite the speed limits that are placed on the respective(a) types of roads such as freeways, back roads, residential streets, you would be move to discover how many cant answer this seemingly innocent question.There are many factors that are often overlooked, but there are cases when drivers get caught speeding. The quickest route from point A to point B is a straight line but while driving a vehicle that is rarely an available path. So to make up for that some people, even I decide to speed. But with speeding come a lot of risks and dangers. Drivers usually speed because they are in a rush, they are not paying attention to their driving, and they do not think the laws applies to them, they do not think their driving is dangerous, or th ey just dont think they will get caught speeding.This is ugly, but it is the truth. No matter the pardon speeding is still against the law, so if youre caught speeding, like I was, then you will be punished accordingly. In my case I was caught doing a high rate of speed. I was so far over the speed limit that its no longer classified as a ticket. My ticket was pushed up as a tiptop Speeder. A Super Speeder as a driver convicted of speeding at cardinal miles per hour or more on a two-lane road or at eighty-five miles per hour and above on any road of highway in the State of Georgia.I was going eighty-three mph in a fifty mph zone. When I was summoned to court I was told that even if I paid the One Hundred ninety one dollar bill ticket, my license would still be revoked so I need to go to court and take my punishment. When I went before the justness, I displayed my extreme repentance for what I had done as well as my Mother. She even told the judge she had taken the keys and pr obably wont get them back until graduation. I cannot be more grateful for the judge giving me the task of complementary an strive on Why I should Be More Careful.I expressed my gratitude and remorse for my dastardly deed by typing this es check out instead of having my license revoked, paying an extremely large ticket, or possibly going to jail. I would like to believe the judge drawed me lenience because it was my first and last traffic violation as well as the ingrained good in me. This was an ordeal that could feed been easily avoided by manifestly going the posted speed limit. I can honestly say that I have learned my lesson and hopefully anyone reading this essay will think twice before going over the speed limit.I have seen the error of my ways. In my mind, I subconsciously down played the dangers of speeding. I was also shocked to see the amount of people who actually speed on a regular basis. People speed on a regular basis is out of impatience. Rarely does anyone have a valid reason as to why they speed, but then again not everyone gets caught, but if you are unlucky enough to get caught then you could facial gesture a plethora of consequences, so its best to keep yourself and other people safe by obeying the traffic laws and following the posted speed signs along the side of the road.In conclusion, this is my essay on why I should be more careful and why speeding is irrational and why it is just better to do the posted speed limit and obey all traffic laws. Once again, I am grateful for this opportunity to show my remorse for breaking the law and I will not speed again and I will be more careful. Thank you for victorious the time to read my essay.

Business Plan: Sugarcane Juice Industry

Executive Summary We be the students of BBA from AIUB under cast supervisor of sir MD. Mostofa Jaman started to work on new and innovative vagary that has non been before in Bangladesh. As a step towards growing entrepreneurship in Bangladesh we students of AIUB have a tradition to present our new and innovative idea in front of people which could benefit the job situation in Bangladesh and so that we could become job givers non job beggars. Sugarcane juice industry is a business idea that deals is product. Our product is sugar cane juice in tin pack or pet bottles.Sugarcane juice is wide apply in summertime season because of its taste and low costs. flat in many countries its produced on chemical basis and in that location sales are quite high especially in place East countries. This juice is widely used in hot brave start conditions. Industry Environment Over view of the industry Our business is the weaken of fruit & vegetable industry of Bangladesh. Agriculture is the largest income and employment-generating sector of Bangladesh. About devil third population of the country resides in rural areas and directly or indirectly depends on agriculture for their livelihood.The sector is an important source of demands for its products. corporation Locations and Facilities We select our industry location in Ashulia, Gazipur because we collect most of our sugarcanes from the northbound Bengal. The transportation frame with north Bengal to Ashulia is very good. Potential customers Our potential customers allow be every kind of individuals like ? Students at every level. (from school age to universities) ?Employees who work the entire day in hot condition. ?Households, passengers. In summer season every kind of people with no age trammel use this juice, because most of the people avoid unhygienic products. signly we give simply limit our geographical scope to Dhaka and then after initial success we will expand our target segments. We expect we w ill conceal close to 30%-40% of Dhakas population which could be almost one million we expect that out of these 30%-40% we will beguile 60%-70% of the market. Direct competitors We dont have direct competitors in our product even so in substitute products we have mainly animateness-sized companies like Pran, Shezan, Akiz, Partex etc. Marketing Business opportunity This is the business devise of a coalition in the name of Sugarcane juice. The plan is to carry through and market the high-quality sugarcane juice.First time in Bangladesh, juice will be preserved in tin pack keeping them as overbold as at time of extraction. Till now market deals in fresh fruit juices which can be easily preserved however this idea has not been catered yet. Collecting raw materials Bangladesh country is an agricultural country. In North Bengal the farmers produce a huge amount of sugarcane. So it is a great opportunities for us to collect our raw materials. 1st year we defile our raw materials from those farmer. On the other hand in that year we leas 450-500 country of land from the farmers and produce sugarcane in those land.Our sugarcane production will be increase if we grab the market. Company impact Sugarcane juice is widely used because of its sweet taste and being a ancestor to different health problems. The cost of production and raw material is not so much. It needs not to be marketed so much because its a new thing which people will try and shaft a lot. Simply we can place it in universities cafeterias, gourmet franchises and grocery shops, the only thing we must do is to ensure its shelf life and long time preservation time. Company strategy In rootage year, our company will market in Dhaka.Dhaka will be sole market for first year. Then looking through our sales story we will expand our business opportunities to other big cities of Bangladesh. More products that will be processed in same way and will be included in product line after making a good reput e in the history. Operation Organizational structure abdominal aortic aneurysm is an organization that will be legally formed as partnership firm. The partners will be Afroja Islam, Wasif Sabbir Hossain, Jabir Rahman, Shubo Saha and Md. Yusuf Raihan. Each partner will contribute 20% as initial investment in business.Key management personnel 4 important departments will be there Purchasing and logistics Mr. Wasif Sabbir Hossain with one aid (employee) will be obligated for(p) for all operating materials purchases at outdo possible rates and delivering at the appropriate time, use of just in time inventory. Production and Financial operations Md. Yousuf Raihan will be responsible for qualify production process. He will also be responsible for financial records and accounting. Md. Yusuf Raihan needs the following staff at the plant in the process. Process workers (1) MarketingMiss Afroja Islam is our marketing researcher. She alone with assistance of Jabir Rahman is responsible to design promotional campaigns and do art work for advertisement. Their main task is to work in celebration with sales department to create demand opportunities and find out new market segments. Warehouse Management and sales Mr. Shubo Saha will be responsible for managing finished goods inventory in Dhaka Warehouse and power and to go generate sales per decided and approved credit call from financial department. Machinery conductment We use few kinds of cable carry in our industry.Like crusher machine for scatter sugarcane, filter machine for filter the crushed juice, labeling machine, can lid machine etc. Our plant capacity will be 3500-4000 Liters per day. Preservation system for sugarcane Aqueous ammonia (28% NH3 w/v) was mixed with 500ml batches freshly extracted sugarcane juice at level of 0, 0. 5, 1. 0, 1. 5, 2. 0, 2. 5 and 30% (w/v). the mixture were at a room temperature is sealed glass containers for 7 day termination to measure changes in pH and Brix of the juice. Resu lt for pH & Brix during 7 days after treatment are shown in Table 1.It gives the trends in these bar for aqueous ammonia level of 0, 0. 5, 1. 0, 1. 5 and 2%. Results for higher concentrations were resembling to those for 2% aqueous ammonia. It is obvious that ammonia works well as a preservation especially if fairly high level are used, at level above 2% w/v the juice becomes less palatable for cattle and such situations if should bereft to stand until the supernumerary ammonia dissipates. It has been suggested by Leng and Preston (1976) that the optimum level of available nitrogen in the rumen to ensure optimum synthesis of microbial protein in 3 g N/100 g of fermentable organic matter.Taking this causal agency of cane juice at 14 Brix, then this world require about 1. 5% (w/v) of aqueous ammonia (28% NH3 w/v) in put in to provide the required amount of available nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis. In the experiment reported here, the inclusion of from 1. 5-2. 0% aqueous ammonia in the sugarcane juice, thus provided the necessary amount of Nitrogen for rumen dictatorial protein and also preserved the juice over 6 days. Investment and project Financials Capital investment Business will be started with total gravid of BDT 10,000,000. Each of five partners contributes 20% capital.Investment BDT Security payment for 10 Marla mental synthesis Plant & machinery Labeling machinery Can lid selling machinery Working capital core 200,000 4,060,000 90,000 110,000 4,662,000 9,122,000 Operating investment before earning BDT 4 months rent of plant construct Wages for approx 2. 5 months Approximate initial recruitment cost Initial utility bills Total 160,000 100,000 20,000 40,000 320,000 Surplus= (10000000-9122000) =878,000 Surplus will be used to purchase operating materials for supplies for starting production. RA HAN

Amish Culture

This inwardness that the husband has control everyplace his married woman and the decisions and orders he makes argon the ones that she must stick by. Amiss wo custody also atomic number 18 the primary c atomic number 18takers of the home and also school the children. While this Is not the cuticle In Australian purification In most cases both custody and wo manpower ar seen as equals In Australian coating even though men (In certain cases) are paid more than women. Marriage Isnt essential Its something two people In the Australian culture choose to do. When a couple chooses arraign they still have equal rights In the completelyiance and both can make decisions together.Females in the Australian culture are responsible for more decisions and men are now taking on more chores and other chores that were traditionally viewed as female roles. The Amiss culture is based on simplicity and religion, their animateds are made to be as simple and natural as possible whilst obeying the bible at all times. In the Amiss culture women are to wear solid colored dresses that cover most of their kin, an apron and bonnet with their hair tied back up and no Jewelry is to be worn.Women are not to tempt men as their natural beauty and simplicity is what attracts an Amiss man, Amiss men wear long pants and shirts, hats and grow beards. In the Amiss culture they do not allow photographs to be taken of them because they believe that move attention to them is a sin. The Amiss aim to maintain farms and earn their funds through their farms as a lifestyle and an occupation. Whereas, Australian culture is by and large made up of individuality and hazard.Being different to one another and standing(a) out is encouraged, dress code in the Australian culture is all made up on what one feels ilk wearing. Hair color, the charge one dresses and the jewelry worn is up to a person to present themselves. Every twenty-four hours in the Australian culture there are new opportuniti es and different paths that lead to deferent ways of life, every day can be completely different to the one before. Amiss are ultra conservative Christians who try to follow the Bible instead of bored society around them.The bible is the Mammas major source of power and potency and Amiss communities are influenced by their church with minimal Influence from the English World (outside world) with other religions being unaccepted. At the age of 14-16, a child gets to answer whether they would Like to be baptized back Into the Amiss community or Instead leaves the community to Join the English World at the opportunity of a Reemergence. Most decide to enter the Amiss community with a baptism but If they do not they are shunned from their previous community.If baptismal vows are broken then that leads to a member of the community to being shunned. When a member of the community Is shunned It means that they have been excommunicated with the church so that means that they cannot eat o r ride with Shunning is a way of penalty to the Amiss for breaking rules because the Amiss community is all that one has by and by being baptized and being shut out from everything and everyone you love makes them use up their lesson. Males in the family are the main sources of power, as fathers are the primary imperious figure.Decisions are made solely by the father with authority seldom changing. Australians are worldly, all religions are accepted and in most cases in a family both parents have power, authority and decision making over the family. Not all Australians are Christians or are religious at all in that case, meaning that not everyone is baptized. Even if someone in the Australian culture is baptized does not mean that they have to live by the bible. Each Australian has the opportunity to live whichever way they would like to including their religion, occupation and status.

Native American Tribes in Virginia and Powhatan the Powhatan

The Powhatan ( as well as spelled Powatan and Powhaten), is the conjure of a Virginia Indian1 tribe. It is excessively the form of a coercive stem of tribes which they rule. It is estimated that there were active 14,000-21,000 of these autochthonal Powhatan passel in east Virginia when the face settled piletown in 1607. 2 They were excessively known as Virginia Algonquians, as they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan.In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a mamanatowick (paramount fountainhead)3 named Wahunsunacawh created a powerful organization by affiliating 30 tri thoary tribes, whose territory was much of eastern Virginia, c all(prenominal)ed Tsenacommacah (densely-inhabited Land),4 Wahunsunacawh came to be known by the face as heading Powhatan. Each of the tribes within this organization had its own weroance (chief), but all gainful tribute to hirer Powhatan. 5 after(prenominal) Chief Powhatans death in 1618, hostilities with colonist s escalated at a humiliateder place the chiefdom of his br other(a), Opechancanough, who sought in vain to drive off the encroaching English.His big attacks in 1622 and 1644 met grueling reprisals by the English, resulting in the near elimination of the tribe. By 1646 what is called the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom by advance(a) historians had been largely destroyed. In addition to the new run afouls with the ever-expanding English settle ments and their inhabitants, the Powhatan suffered a high death rate due to septic diseases, maladies introducted to North America by the Europeans to which the Native Americans of the United States had developed no natural immunities.By this time, the leaders of the colony were desperate for labor to develop the land. close to half of the English and European immigrants arrived as indentured servants. As colonial expansion continued, the colonists imported growing military issues of enslaved Africans for labor. By 1700 the colonies had about 6,000 blackened slaves, unrivalled-twelfth of the population. It was common for black slaves to escape and join the surrounding Powhatan white servants were similarly noned to accommodate joined the Indians.Africans and whites relieve oneselfed and lived together nearly inwroughts as well as intermarried with them. afterwards Bacons Rebellion in 1676, the colony enslaved Indians for control. In 1691 the put up of Burgesses abolished Indian bondage however, many Powhatan were held in servitude well into the 18th century. 6 In the twenty-first century, eighter Indian tribes are recognise by the give in as having ties with the archetype Powhatan complex chiefdom. 7 The Pamunkey and Mattaponi are the only two good deals who urinate retained military reserve lands from the 17th century. 5 The competing cultures of the Powhatan and English settlers were united temporarily by the marriage of Pocahontas and sewer Rolfe. Their son Thomas Rolfe was the ancestor of many Virginians hence, many of the First Families of Virginia sop up both English and Virginia Indian1 ancestry. History edit Naming and terminology The name Powhatan is believed to fill originated as the name of the settlement or town that Wahunsunacawh came from. The official backup Chief Powhatan used by the English is believed to remove been derived from the name of this location.Although the specific situs of his home village is unknown, in modern times, the Powhatan Hill neighborhood in the East End portion of the modern city of Richmond, Virginia is thought by many to be in the general vicinity of the original village. channelize Hill Farm, which is situated in nearby Henrico County a short outperform to the east, is in any case considered as the possible come out. Powhatan was also the name used by the natives to refer to the river where the town sat at the head of navigation. The English colonists chose to name it instead for their own leader, major power cro wd I.Many features in the early geezerhood of the Virginia village were named in honor of the king, as well as his threesome children, Elizabeth, Henry, and Charles. Although portions of Virginias longest river upstream from Columbia were much later named for Queen Anne of outstanding Britain, in modern times, it is called the James River. It extends from Hampton Roads westerly to the confluence of the capital of Mississippi River and Cowpasture River near the town of Clifton Forge. (The Rivanna River, a tributary of the James River, and Fluvanna County, each dwell as named in legacy to Queen Anne).However, the only water automobile trunk in Virginia to retain a name which honors the Powhatan peoples is Powhatan Creek, laid in James City County near Williamsburg. Powhatan County and its county seat at Powhatan, Virginia were honorific names schematic days later, in locations west of the area populated by the Powhatan peoples. The county was create in may, 1777. edit Complex chiefdom Likewise, perhaps more significant misnomers are the wrong Powhatan Confederacy and Powhatan Confederation. This grouping of tribes is clearly not best-defined in modern footing as a confederacy. That watchword is generally thought of as a grouping of entities each with greater psyche power than the group when united. In many uses, a confederacy is distinctly different in social organization from a centralized greater power than the parts, such as the current national structure of the United States. Many historians attribute to a peasant level the failure of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil war remotee in part to the weakness of the central government in resemblance to the Union. It is important for a reader to bring down that approximately historians do not consider this difference as one of the major weaknesses leading to the grey loss. However, the term Confederacy has get down associated with the principal of assures rights versu s the central U. S. government). Using the word confederacy to define the Powhatan tribes extant in 1607 can therefore, be mislead when seeking to on a lower floorstand these people, their governments and their culture. It is true that the various tribes each held some individual powers locally.Each had a chief known as a weroance (male) or, more rarely, a weroansqua (female), meaning commander, 8. As of 2010, we do not know to what degree most of the various tribes belonged to the group by choice or perhaps by coercion or even greater force. As early as the era of stern smith of Virginia, the individual tribes of this grouping were clearly know by the English as falling under the greater trust of the centralized power (whatever it is labeled) led by the chiefdom of Chief Powhatan (c. June 17, 1545 c. 1618), whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh or (in 17th century English spelling) Wahunsunacock. 9. At the time of the 1607 English Settlement at Jamestown, he ruled primarily fr om Werowocomoco, which was located on northwestern shore of the York River. This location of Werowocomoco, itself only rediscovered in the early 21st century, was very central to locations of the various tribes. The improvements discovered during archaeological question at Werowocomoco have reinforced the paramount chiefdom of Chief Powhatan over the other tribes in the power hierarchy. Such issues in other cultures and the definitions are covered at some length by author Robert L.Carneiro in his 1981 work on anthropology, The Chiefdom Precursor of the State. The Transition to Statehood in the New World. The plaza of power held by Chief Powhatan (and his several successors) is much more concisely defined as a complex chiefdom. 10 To refer to this complex chiefdom, the term Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom has become favored. all over time, this and other revisions to the knowledge and information available about the Powhatan peoples native to Virginia will undoubtedly be made as res earch work at Werowocomoco and elsewhere continues in the 21st century. See also Werowocomoco edit Chief Powhatan builds his chiefdom Wahunsunacawh had inherited control over just six tribes, but dominated more than thirty by the time the English settlers complete their Virginia Colony at Jamestown in 1607. The original six constituent tribes in Wahunsunacocks group were the Powhatan (proper), the Arrohateck, the Appamattuck, the Pamunkey, the Mattaponi, and the Chiskiack. He added the Kecoughtan to his fold by 1598. Some other affiliated groups include the Youghtanund, Rappahannocks, Moraughtacund, Weyanoak, Paspahegh, Quiyoughcohannock, Warraskoyack, and Nansemond.Yet another closely related tribe in the midst of these others, all speaking the same language, was the Chickahominy, who managed to preserve their autonomy from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom. In his historied work Notes on the State of Virginia (178182), Thomas Jefferson estimated that the Powhatan Confederacy occupi ed about 8,000 square miles (20,000 km2) of territory, with a population of about 8,000 people, of whom 2400 were warriors. 11 Later scholars estimated the population of the paramountcyclarification needed as 15,000. edit The English settlers in the land of the Powhatan John Smith taking the King of Pamunkey prisoner, a fanciful image of Opechancanough from Smiths General History of Virginia (1624). The image of Opechancanough is root on a 1585 painting of another native warrior by John White1 The Powhatan Confederacy were the Indians among whom the English made their first permanent settlement in North America. This contributed to their downfall. Conflicts began immediately the English colonists fired shots as soon as they arrived (due to a bad experience they had with the Spanish prior to their arrival). Within two weeks of the English arrival atJamestown, deaths had occurred. The settlers had hoped for friendly relations and had planned to trade with the Virginia Indians for fo od. schoolmaster Chris outdoher Newport led the first English exploration party up the James River in 1607, when he met Parahunt, weroance of the Powhatan proper. The English initially mistook him for the paramount Powhatan (mamanatowick), who was in item his father, Wahunsunacawh. On a hunting and trade mission on the Chickahominy River in December 1607, master key John Smith, later president of the colony, was captured by Opechancanough, the younger brother of Wahunsunacawh.Smith became the first Englishman to meet the paramount chief, Powhatan. According to Smiths account, Pocahontas, Wahunsunacawhs daughter, prevented her father from penalise Smith. Some researchers have asserted that a mock execution was a ritual intended to adopt Smith into the tribe, but other modern writers dispute this interpretation. They point out that nothing is known of 17th-century Powhatan adoption ceremonies. They note that an execution ritual is different from known rites of passage.Other hist orians, such as Helen Rountree, have questioned whether there was any risk of execution. They note that Smith failed to mention it in his 1608 and 1612 accounts, and only added it to his 1624 memoir, after Pocahontas had become famous. In 1608, Captain Newport realized that Powhatans friendship was crucial to the survival of the small Jamestown colony. In the summer of that year, he seek to crown the paramount Chief, with a ceremonial crown, to make him an English vassal. 12 They also gave Powhatan many European gifts, such as a pitcher, feather mattress, pull back frame, and clothes. The coronation went badly because they asked Powhatan to kneel to receive the crown, which he refused to do. As a powerful leader, Powhatan followed two rules he who keeps his head higher than others ranks higher, and he who puts other people in a vulnerable position, without altering his own stance, ranks higher. To land up the coronation, several English had to lean on Powhatans shoulders to get him low enough to place the crown on his head, as he was a tall man.Afterwards, the English might have thought that Powhatan had submitted to King James, whereas Powhatan seeming thought nothing of the sort. 13 In fact, only by being warned onwards by a sympathizing servant, was an assassination plot led by braves averted (the British also refused to let the natives take their muskets for safekeeping). citation needed After John Smith became president of the colony, he sent a force under Captain Martin to occupy an island in Nansemond territory and drive the inhabitants away. At the same time, he sent another force with Francis West to build a assemble at the James River falls.He purchased the nearby fortified Powhatan village (present position of Richmond, Virginia) from Parahunt for some copper and an English servant named Henry Spelman, who wrote a rare primary account of the Powhatan ways of life. Smith thus renamed the village Nonsuch, and time-tested to get Wests men t o live in it. Both these attempts at subsidence beyond Jamestown soon failed, due to Powhatan resistance. Smith left Virginia for England in October 1609, never to return, because of an injury sustained in a gunpowder accident.Soon afterward, the English completed a second fort, Fort Algernon, in Kecoughtan territory. The Coronation of Powhatan, oil on canvas, John Gadsby Chapman, 1835 In November 1609, Captain John Ratcliffe was invited to Orapakes, Powhatans new capital. After he had sailed up the Pamunkey River to trade there, a fight broke out mingled with the colonists and the Powhatan. each(prenominal) of the English ashore were killed, including Ratcliffe, who was tortured by the women of the tribe. Those aboard the tender escaped and told the tale at Jamestown. During that next year, the tribe attacked and killed many Jamestown residents.The residents fought back, but only killed twenty. However, arrival at Jamestown of a new Governor, Thomas West, third Baron De La Warr , (Lord Delaware) in June of 1610 signalled the beginning of the First Anglo-Powhatan War. A skeleton period of peace came only after the capture of Pocahontas, her baptism, and her marriage to tobacco plant planter John Rolfe in 1614. Within a few years both Powhatan and Pocahontas were dead. The Chief died in Virginia, but Pocahontas died while in England. Meanwhile, the English settlers continued to encroach on Powhatan territory.After Wahunsunacawhs death, his younger brother, Opitchapam, briefly became chief, followed by their younger brother Opechancanough. In 1622 and 1644 he attacked the English to force them from Powhatan territories. Both these attempts were met with strong reprisals from the English, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe. The Second AngloPowhatan War that followed the 1644 fortuity ended in 1646, after Royal Governor of Virginia William Berkeleys forces captured Opechancanough, thought to be between 90 and 100 years old.While a pris oner, Opechancanough was killed, shot in the back by a soldier assigned to guard him. He was succeeded as Weroance by Necotowance, and later by Totopotomoi and by his daughter Cockacoeske. The conformity of 1646 marked the effective dissolution of the united confederacy, as white colonists were given(p) an exclusive enclave between the York and Blackwater Rivers. This physically separated the Nansemonds, Weyanokes and Appomattox, who retreated southward, from the other Powhatan tribes then occupying the Middle Peninsula and Northern Neck.While the southern frontier demarcated in 1646 was respected for the respite of the 17th century, the House of Burgesses lifted the northern one on family dividing line 1, 1649. Waves of new immigrants quickly flooded the peninsular region, then known as Chickacoan, and restricted the dwindling tribes to lesser tracts of land that became some of the earliest Indian reservations. In 1665, the House of Burgesses passed stringent laws requiring the Powhatan to accept chiefs appointed by the governor. After the Treaty of Albany in 1684, the Powhatan Confederacy all but vanished.Red line shows boundary between the Virginia Colony and Tributary Indian tribes, as established by the Treaty of 1646. Red dot on river shows Jamestown, capital of Virginia Colony. edit Capitals of the Powhatan people The capital village of Powhatan was believed to be in the present-day Powhatan Hill partitioning of the eastern part of Richmond, Virginia, or perhaps nearby in a location which became part of Tree Hill Farm. Another major center of the confederacy about 75 miles (121 km) to the east was called Werowocomoco. It was located near the north bank of the York River in present-day Gloucester County.Werowocomoco was depict by the English colonists as only 15 miles (24 km) as the crow flies from Jamestown, but also described as 25 miles (40 km) downstream from present-day West Point, measurements which conflict with each other. In 2003 archaeolo gists initiated excavations at a site in Gloucester County that have revealed an extensive indigenous settlement from about 1200 (the late Woodland period) finished the early Contact period. Work since then has added to their belief that this is the location of Werowocomoco. The site is on a farm bordering n Purtain Bay of the York River, about 12 nautical miles (22 km) from Jamestown. The more than 50 acres (200,000 m2) residential settlement extends up to 1,000 feet (300 m) back from the river. In 2004, researchers excavated two curving ditches of 200 feet (60 m) at the far edge, which were constructed about 1400 CE. In addition to extensive artifacts from hundreds of years of indigenous settlement, researchers have found a variety of trade goods related to the brief fundamental interaction of Native Americans and English in the early years of Jamestown.Around 1609, Wahunsunacock shifted his capital from Werowocomoco to Orapakes, located in a swamp at the head of the Chickahominy River, near the modern-day interchange of Interstate 64 and Interstate 295. Sometime between 1611 and 1614, he moved further north to Matchut, in present-day King William County on the north bank of the Pamunkey River, not far from where his brother Opechancanough ruled one of the member tribes at Youghtanund. edit Characteristics The Powhatan lived east of the fall line in Tidewater Virginia.They construct their houses, called yehakins, by bending saplings and placing woven mats or bark over top of the saplings. They supported themselves primarily by growing crops, especially maize, but they also tiped and hunted in the great forest in their area. Villages consisted of a number of related families organized in tribes led by a chief (weroance/werowance or weroansqua if female). They paid tribute to the paramount chief (mamanatowick), Powhatan. 3 According to research by the National Park Service, Powhatan men were warriors and hunters, while women were gardeners and gatherers.The English described the men, who ran and walked extensively through the woods in pursuit of enemies or game, as tall and lean and possessed of handsome physiques. The women were shorter, and were strong because of the hours they spent be crops, pounding corn into meal, gathering nuts, and performing other domestic chores. When the men undertook extended hunts, the women went ahead of them to construct hunting camps. The Powhatan domestic economy depended on the labor of both sexes. 14 All of Virginias natives practiced agriculture. They periodically moved their villages from site to site.Villagers vindicated the fields by felling, girdling, or firing trees at the base and then using fire to reduce the slash and stumps. A village became unusable as soil productivity gradually declined and local fish and game were depleted. The inhabitants then moved on. With every change in location, the people used fire to clear new land. They left more cleared land behind. The natives also used f ire to maintain extensive areas of pass around game habitat throughout the East, later called barrens by European colonists. The Powhatan also had rich fishing grounds.Bison had migrated to this area by the early 15th century. 15 edit The Powhatan people today edit State and federal recognition As of 2010, the state of Virginia has recognized eight Powhatan Indian-descended tribes in Virginia. Collectively, the tribes currently have 3,000-3,500 enrolled as tribal members. 16 It is estimated, however, that 3 to 4 times that number are eligible for tribal membership. 12 dickens of these tribes, the Mattaponi and Pamunkey, still retain their reservations from the 17th century and are located in King William County, Virginia.Since the 1990s, the Powhatan Indian tribes which have state recognition, along with the other Virginia Indian tribe which has state recognition, have been seeking federal recognition. It has been a problematic process. They have been hampered by the lack of offi cial records verifying heritage and by the historical misclassification of family members in the 1930s and 1940s, largely a result of Virginias state policy of race classification on official documents.After Virginia passed stringent separatism laws in the early 20th century and ultimately the Racial uprightness Act of 1924 which mandated every person who had any African heritage be deemed black, Walter Plecker, the head of Vital Statistics office, directed all state and local enrollment offices to use only the terms white or colored to denote race on official documents and thereby eliminated all traceable records of Virginia Indians. All state documents, including birth certificates, death certificates, marriage licenses, tax forms and land deeds, thus bear no record of Virginia Indians.Plecker oversaw the Vital Statistics office in the state for several decades, beginning in the early 20th century, and took a ad hominem interest in eliminating traces of Virginia Indians. As a follower of the eugenics movement and, by modern day standards, a white supremacist, Plecker falsely surmised that there were no true Virginia Indians remaining as years of intermarriage has diluted the race. Over his years of service, he conducted a campaign to reclassify all bi-racial and multi-racial individuals as black, believing such persons were fraudulently attempting to claim their race to be Indian or white.The effect of his reclassification has been described by tribal members as reputation genocide. Initially, the Virginia tribes efforts to gain federal recognition encountered resistance due to federal legislators concerns over whether gambling would be established on their lands if recognition were granted, as it would raise federal tax concerns and also casinos are illegal in Virginia. In March 2009, five of the state-recognized Powhatan Indian tribes and the one other state-recognized Virginia Indian tribe introduced a bill to gain federal recognition through an act of Congress. The bill, The Thomasina E.Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act, included a section forbidding the tribes from opening casinos, even if casinos became legal in Virginia. The House Committee on Natural Resources recommended the bill be considered by the US House of Representatives at the end of April, the House approved the bill on June 3, 2009. The bill was then sent to the Senates Committee on Indian Affairs, who recommended it be heard by the Senate as a whole in October. On December 23, 2009, the bill was placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar under general orders, which is where the bill is currently.

Consumer Behaviour †Product Line Extension Essay

Created by deuce avid breakerers, Billabong is a cross off designed by surfers, for surfers. In 1973, Billabong offered little to a greater extent than a small aim of surf wear mainly surfboards and board shorts. But today, Billabong is a fall guy that encompasses the Australian surf flori ending by offering professional personducts that cater nary(prenominal) further for the surfer inside m any(prenominal) of us, unless for fashion and life modality guides.1.2 stream TARGET MARKETBillabong is a tick off that offers numerous proceedss designed to conform numerous modus viv terminateis. Included in their extensive honk atomic morsel 18 w ars designed for surfers, general rim goers, skateboarders and the fashion conscious. Comprehensive characteristics of this market atomic number 18 assumeing to pinpoint, however, it is the assumption that the majority of consumers atomic number 18 males and females aged between 12 and 35 years of age.Consumer Need Social Image Need the most substantial need satisfied by Billabong1.3 CURRENTLY SOLDIn the mid(prenominal) 1980s, clean over ten years since the birth of Billabong, the successes of the small Australian brand were being prize world wide and Billabong w atomic number 18s were in high up demand. This led to the export of Billabong overlaps to the global market with countries overmuch(prenominal)(prenominal) as the USA, Japan, stark naked Zealand and Europe first in line. Today, the harvest-time range available extends as far as 2200 lines in Australia, 1300 lines in the US and many more than in over 60 untested(prenominal)wise countries. It is not unusual that the greatest dissemination of Billabong ingatherings is to coastal destinations. However, countries locked by land argon effrontery the probability to live the Billabong experience with results available on-line and in assorted stores most the world.1.4 PRICE RANGEBillabong fruits appear at the higher end of the deter mine spectrum for the overall market, and argon moderately to high priced as comp atomic number 18d to their surf brand competitors. just about examples of how Billabong measure in the market be illustrated belowGirls Thongs Billabong $17.95 Mermaid infant $19.95 stigma $4.00Mens Jeans Billabong $120.00 Quiksilver $139.95 Jeanswest $65.00Beach Towel Billabong $69.95 Aztec Rose $39.95 Bonds $29.951.5 study ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLEThe single most important environmental unsettled affecting Billabong is Culture defined as a set of values, ideas, artefacts and other meaningful symbols that help individuals communicate, interpret and evaluate as members of society (Blackwell et al. 2001). Products be outstandingly designed, as describe in section 1.2 and Appendix A, for a surf/ sunlight/ title culture which is seemingly ubiquitous in Australian living.1.6 PRODUCT EXTENSIONBillabong Skinwear a Skin-c atomic number 18 range including sunscreen, lip- emollient and after sun-gel . This range meets the highest Australian standards in sun auspices whilst also providing the innate style that Australians have come to k instanter and expect from Billabong products.2.0 SECTION BThe stern earreach for any given product or service is the conference of people that advertisers wish to attract through their trade activities. The process of lineing and be an sense of hearing lives to assessing priorities. For instance, a firm whitethorn identify a sizably large conference or market to be authorisation consumers. However, it is probable to be financially unsound to attempt to target all consumers deep down the group. A target audience may be established by enquire questions such(prenominal) asWhich audience is large enough to be a signifi goatistert target?Which audience is a priority in harm of the brands product?Which audience is the target of the products connects and benefits?A target audience may be defined by their age, sex activity, family s tatus, lifestyle, interests or a compounding of these characteristics. It is noteworthy that a target audience invariably differs from the overall target market and is generally only a segment of a given market. For example, Billabong would target consumers (both male and female) between the ages of intimately 12 35 but polar segments of this broad market are more likely to leverage than others. It is desirable to develop demographic and psychographic profiles of these likely consumers (the target audience).Accurate details of a target audience buttocks only be obtained by representation of credible market look into practices. However, inferences and assumptions can be made forwardshand to aid any research. Some of the demographic characteristics of the Billabong target audience are, as mentioned previously, males and females between the ages of nigh 12 35 (althoughadvertising is usually ad hoc to one particular gender as seen in the example of Appendix A). Such indivi duals are predominantly situated in coastal regions where the beach/surf/sun culture thrives (as clearly demonstrated in Appendix A), although there are large deviations from this trend specially in recent times with such a broad, climate and geographically unbiased product range spanning some 2200 lines in Australia alone (Billabong global 2004).Economic factors can sometimes play a role in defining a target but in this episode the audience is not necessarily limited to any specific economic traits for example, income brackets are not easily defined for consumers as Billabong International offers such a variety of products satisfying both functional lifestyle need and fashion influenced desires, hence the givers likelihood of acquire is judge to be more dependant on the psychographic factors of consumer motivation, motivational metier and consumer association.Consumer motivation represents the drive to meet physiologic and psychological necessitate via purchase and in gestion of products (Blackwell et al. 2001, p.233). Billabong customers are likely to be driven to satisfy their mixer photograph needs and needs for pleasure. They are expected to have a high motivational intensity to fulfil these needs so as to pass oningly overcome the price barrier gentd with doing so.The target consumers for Billabong have a relatively high level of consumer knowledge regarding their chosen product. The concept of consumer knowledge involves individuals pre- brisk knowledge and perceptions colligate to product purchase and consumption. These consumers have a high awareness of the products attributes and associations, such as the noted waves symbol, the obvious ties with surf and pro surf and the companies Australian origins. They have a familiarity with the products image within the marketplace. They associate the brand with high quality, high fashion and are hustling to bear the comparatively high price.This target audience is aided by the purchase knowledge they catch regarding Billabongs price positioning that is, the lodge is in the high price range compared to the overall market but is moderate to high in price when evaluating surf brands (see Section 1.4). These consumers are also equipped with knowledge on whenand where to buy aware that the products are available in specialty surf-specific stores and can rely on a to the lowest degree two sales each year at the end of summertime and winter.Although expensive research is often the most accurate personal manner of developing a targeted trade approach, it is always beneficial to attempt to identify expected consumers as early as possible in a marketing plan. Whether you utilize extensive demographic and psychographic research or just use common-sense, the fall upon is to identify a group or groups of potential customers that offer the best opportunities for business potential (Defining Your Target 2004).3.0 SECTION C3.1 THE BILLABONG COMMUNICATION MIXA successful co mmunication concoction is essential in the marketing of any brand or product to consumers. This ties in with the familiar four Ps of marketing which are price, place, onward motion and product. The most important factor relating to the concept of the communications mix is promotional self-coloured. Examples of promotion accept personal selling, sales promotion, public relations, publicity, direct mail, advertising, sponsorship, branding and distribution of samples.A good communication mix ensures that the brand receives adequate term picture whilst also targeting the appropriate audiences (see Section B). For many large corporations, their logo is an constitutional part of their marketing activities. This unique identifier volition be present passim all forms of visual marketing communication and is a powerful asseveration in itself. An obvious example of such would be Nike with its swoosh symbol. Similarly, the famous Billabong waves are present throughout the Billabong communication mix.3.2 PRINT ADVERTISING before long there are a number of communication methods that are use by Billabong. Products are featured in a number of magazines such as Dolly,Girlfriend, Chik and Cosmopolitan, who predominately market to the female segment of Billabongs target audience. patsy advertisements also feature in more male oriented publications such as Ralph and FHM and can be seen in specific surfboarding magazines such as shoping. The combination of these promotional activities effectually reaches the specific audience that Billabong targets.3.3 convey ADVERTISINGBroadcast advertising is very limited and is likely to only be featured for events such as special surfing related events such as the Billabong Pro surf championships.3.4 INTERNET PROMOTIONSInternet promotions are one of the most extensive ways in which Billabong advertises. On almost each Billabong advertisement featured in the aforementioned media, the Billabong web language is present billabon g.com. The website shows the entire product list, which are available for purchase online. The website is not just limited to the Australian audience. It also caters for different products and prices suitable for different regions around the world, including North America, South America, Asia and Europe representative of Billabongs growing world(prenominal) presence and successful utilisation of the internet in market places around the world.3.5 PROMOTIONAL MATERIALAssociated to Billabong is a highly influential reference group who effectively act as a promotional tool. These are pro surfers such as Layne Beachley, Alana Brennan and Andy Irons. This reference group gains credibility for the brand by using Billabong products. Billabong promotions use these public faces to give testimonials as the attention gained by having experts approval is invaluable in the fight for consumer preference.3.6 dit OF PURCHASE DISPLAYSPoint of purchase displays are frequently utilise by Billabong. In surf shops such as City Beach Surf (Garden City, Whitfords City), Billabong products are grouped together in the store whereas in Brothers Nielsen (Garden City, Perth, Whitfords City), the Billabong are grouped alongside competing brands by category. From the marketing perspective of a estimable manufacturer, it is more desirable to have the clothes grouped by brand rather than by category as this allows consumers to search for the specific brand they wish to purchase.3.7 IS THIS COMMUNICATION MIX APPROPRIATE?Print advertising utilized by Billabong is appropriate and effective as the magazines that they feature in are targeting similar or overlapping audiences. Promotions and promotional material aid in increase public familiarity with the brand. This has been achieved by attaching the Billabong name and logo with events such as the Billabong Pro and other surfing events worldwide. Celebrities, especially movie stars, video actors, entertainers, and sports figures, can be ver y powerful assets to any marketing and advertising execute (Blackwell et al. 2001). Billabong uses famous surfers Layne Beachley, Alana Brennan and Andy Irons to achieve higher credibility within the surfing world.Another powerful promotional tool is the brands website. Generation X and Y are very likely to search the internet for products that they wish to purchase, as it allows them to shop in the comfort of their homes without the effort of searching different stores to maintain certain products or information. Internet Promotions are seen to be effective because of the increasing frequency and effectiveness of e-commerce in todays globalised market place. The website is tardily to use, easy to find and is prevalent in all the advertising material increasing consumer knowledge of the website.Broadcast advertising for Billabong is likely to have a limited effectiveness. It has been shown that only 19% of television viewers actually square up the advertisements shown during a s how (Lach, cited inBlackwell 2001, p. 438). Bearing this in mind, and realising that the target audience is a relatively specific one, it is doubtful that the audience will be reached on a frequent basis via this medium.3.8 CHANGES TO COMMUNICATION MIXWe look at that Billabong should implement a number of various changes to the current communications mix in swan to launch the Skinwear range. Procedures such as distributing free samples would be effective in increasing awareness of the product, its function of reducing the do of sun exposure and the tyrannical associations of the brand.An increase in Billabong sponsored events will lead to increased exposure of the Billabong name and will provide an excellent opportunity to introduce consumers to the product extension line. The Skinwear range can be officially launched by specifically attaching the name of the new product (Skinwear) to a Billabong sponsored event. On its launch, the previously mentioned method of sample distribu tion can be used to full effect.The launch of Skinwear will coincide with the increased marketing activities contact the entire Billabong range during the summer holiday season. An effective way of maximizing the benefits of this situation would be to utilise POP displays, perhaps combined with promotional gift packs.4.0 SECTION D4.1 PRODUCT CONCEPTAs a well recognised and trusted surf brand, Billabong is endeavouring to branch out into the throw together-care market, in particular sun-care to further cater to its customers lifestyle needs. Like the rest of the world, Australia as a society has bring into being heavily health and image conscious as demonstrated from the many articles, advertisements, new products and spending increases based in the Health and Cosmetic Industries. Billabong has made the decision to extend their existing product range in an attemptto take advantage of this new demand for health and beauty products. In doing so, Billabong has bring ind its Skinwear range which takes a Sunscreen, Lip balm and After-Sun Gel all of which meet the high standards set by the Australian Government and Australian crabmeat Council.Included in the Billabong Skinwear range is a Sunscreen brag an SPF or Sun Protection Factor of 30, shield the skin from harmful UV rays 30 times longer than our skins innate defences are able to. Through the introduction of past innovative products, Billabong has become known for its dedication to meet and exceed the needs demanded by their surfing clientele hence incorporating an 8 hour water protection attribute into this product. This feature allows surfers and beach goers the chance to enjoy their lifestyle without the concerns of having to frequently reapply sunscreen. The combination of 30 SPF and 8hrs of water resistance will instantly place the product at least(prenominal) equally, in terms of functional attributes, at the bill of the market.Billabongs new Skinwear range also includes a Lipbalm featuring an SP F of 15. As a means to widen the target audience, Billabongs new Lipbalm is free of colour and taste, removing added suspense in the male demographic. For easy application, the Lipbalm is packaged in a compressible tube, making for easy and mess-free application all of which is very handy when applying at the beach.Incorporated into the After-Sun Gel is an aloe extract. According to Steve Herman (2004, p.54) aloe remains a genuinely reusable healing agent widely accepted by the public. In order to meet consumer requirements, aloe is a feature in the After-Sun Gel product. It is hardly a last resort that consumers would ultimately require a product to soothe the effects the sunburn however, as Plato quite accurately stated The most we can teach people is what they already know. This rehearsal defines the need for a product such as After-Sun Gel, as it is expected that even with the existence of a Sunscreen as provided by Billabong consumers are likely to use the product ineffec tively every now and then. satiny Thomas (2004, p.16) declares the sun is now officially the enemy against which sun creams are our weapon of choice. According to figures given on the Australian Cancer website (http//www.cancer.org.au) 374,000 Australians are treated for non-melanoma skin cancer every year. This figure accounts for 1.9% of Australias entire population. More alarming is that an additional 8,500 Australians are diagnosed with a melanoma, of which 1300 will die as a result. Such affright statistics generate the question are members of Australias beach and surf culture taking appropriate steps to protect their skin from such withering consequences?Pioneers in serving this beach/surf culture, Billabong attempt to make their consumers aware of the harmful dangers associated with long term exposure to the sun and its effects. In doing so, Billabong offers such products as available in their new Skinwear range to protect the physiological needs of their consumers as well as removing the quite apparent social negativity involved in wearing and applying sunscreen.4.2 TARGET MARKET REVISITEDIt would be unwise for a brand such as Billabong to extend an already successful product range if there was any reason to consider that it would not be as successful as the collective existing products. In accordance, Billabong has created a Skinwear range that not only extends the well recognised image of the brand but also the values and attributes that a consumer would associate with any of its other products. For instance, Billabong is renowned for its high quality surf-related products, innovative style and up-to-date fashion. A marketing approach to increase the popularity of Billabong products is to promote consumption as more than an experience, but rather a statement of image and self-expression. It is for this reason that the slogan for the new Skinwear range reads Wear Billabong, even when youre naked.As identified in Section B, Billabongs key target aud ience extends between males and females aged between 12 and 35. At these ages, it would not be inaccurate to suggest that a major factor in the purchase and consumption ofsurf brands and their related products is whether the product think consumers with the desire to fit certain image and style demands. The surf and beach culture is dominant in the lifestyles and images of Australian people. This, in effect, further intensifies the need for many consumers to conform.Australians are go more obsessed with their health and appearance. seem on Australian networks week by week are television shows that promote cosmetic surgery, crash diets, new health risks, advanced pharmaceuticals and much more. It is not surprising that consumers in the demographic of 12-35 years of age are identifying a need to improve and maintain beauty and health.The links between sun exposure and skin damage have been extensively researched in Australia, as it appears that compared to other geographical locati ons, Australian people are more susceptible and at risk of suffering, due to the consequences of living in such a sun exposed location. When taking into consideration the various issues relating to sun exposure and skin damage, Billabong decided to create their Skinwear range. It is expected that with an informative and effective marketing campaign, existing Billabong consumers will see the need to execute a diligent skin protection regime, in turn utilising the products that are now offered by Billabong.4.3 ATTITUDESIn order for this product extension to be successful, Billabong has attempt to seize the large target audience that already purchases and consumes their existing product range. It is suggested by Blackwell et al. (2001, p. 289) that holding a favourable attitude toward a product is almost always an essential prerequisite in order for consumers to hold a favourable purchase of consumption intention. In formula this, it is not expected that the consumer will automatical ly purchase the product, but that they will hold a favourable intention which may assist in their decision.Several models are used to aid marketers of companys such as Billabong to analyse consumer attitudes and their associated effects on product evaluation and choice. bankrupt known as the Fishbien Model and Ideal-Point Model, marketers of brands such as Billabong are given important information from consumers responses. In many cases, this leads to new product developments as is the case of Billabong, where certain needs not catered for are alerted to designers.In order for Billabong to avoid consumer attitudes becoming impartial between brands, it is essential to do whatever it takes to achieve Attitude persistence where an attitudes repellent to such corrosion (Blackwell et al. p. 300). It is likely that the need for products such as that offered in Billabongs Skinwear range will never be made redundant, purely because the risks associated with having lives turn around the su n are not diminishing in number and neither are the risks associated.The greatest obstacle faced when introducing Billabongs new Skinwear range is changing consumers preferences, in effect, eliciting competitors customers (Blackwell et al. 2001, p. 301). A strong feature of the Skinwear range is its SPF rating and Water Resistance. In order to recruit competitors customers Billabong must be effective in changing consumers attitudes, drawing on favourable attitudes held about their existing product range, as well as emphasising comparisons between their new product extension and other existing brands hopefully in favour of their products.4.4 CONCLUSIONBillabong recognises the importance of consumers needs to be protected in the sun. After all, it is the expectation that having consumers who transude a lifestyle surrounded by surf and beach that these needs will as some point require satisfying. As a highly regarded surf brand, Billabong places importance on fulfilling consumers n eeds for preventive and health. In recognising the gap in its product range, Billabongs new product extension, boasting a highly protective Sunscreen, Lipbalm and After-Sun Gel, continues their commitment to meet the demands of its consumers for the coming summer season.5.0 SECTION ETo examine the decision making processes experienced by a consumer it is practical to use the Consumer Decision Process (CDP) Model which defines septette likely stages involved in any purchase. The CDP model represents a roadmap of consumers minds that marketers and managers can use to help guide product mix, communication and sales strategies (Blackwell et al. 2001, p.71). entirely consumers are not strictly bound by this model in making their decisions, but are likely to undergo at least some of the following stagesThe Consumer Decision Process ModelIn the case of Billabong, to ensure the success of their product line extension and the associated marketing activities it would be beneficial to hypot hesise the probable processes of their target audience in becoming incorruptible users of the new product. Such predictions may be made by examining the stages of the CDP model.The first stage of the model, need recognition, involves the consumer sensing the difference between their model and actual state of affairs. Billabong will aim, through straight-forward advertising and other marketing communications (as outlined in Section C), to undermine the users perceptions about the adequacy of their existing state and will hence create a problem that must be solved.Advertising will include the contrasting negative consequences of not using the product (such as skin damage and/or cancer) with the altogether positives outcomes associated with using the new product. Such benefits include a high level of skin care and also positive social image. With so many choices and more and more variables affecting consumer decisions, especially for low-involvement products such as sunscreen, it is expected that previous loyal followers of the Billabong authentication will factor their positive experiences and high levels of satisfaction into their decision to use Billabong Skinwear.The second stage involves searching the marketplace for information onproducts and alternatives. The loyal Billabong consumer will find themselves undergoing components of both an internal and external search and will then move on to assess evaluative criteria as outlined by the third stage pre-purchase evaluation. It is in this stage that these particular consumers are likely to conclude Billabong as the better alternative.The target audience, whether undergoing an external or internal search will find Billabong to be at least equal (see Section 4.1) to its competitors in terms of its products attributes whilst the positive associations with the Billabong brand will ensure that Billabong Skinwear is seen as the superior alternative. It is the intention of Billabong to extend its dominance into th e new market and it is hoped that consumers eliminate the need for extensive searching in order to simply channelise loyalty into this new market.There are two paths that will lead a consumer to the fourth stage of the purchase decision. They may either systematically travel through the previous 3 stages principal to an obvious choice to purchase, or they may avoid the first three stages altogether and simply purchase the product based on an instantaneous decision influenced by prior ties to the Billabong brand. An example of such may be seen in impulse purchasing, where point-of-purchase (POP) displays may play a significant role.The twenty percent stage consumption, is likely to occur seasonally as sun protection is demanded mainly in summer. However, loyal consumers such as those outlined in section B are perhaps the more likely of any one in the market to use the product as suggested by Billabong and its experts all year round.Stages five and six consumption and post-consum ption evaluations are likely to have a positive, satisfied response from consumers when taking into consideration Billabongs efforts to transfer loyalty from past experiences into the new products evaluation. The last stage, divestment, holds no definitive expectations from those marketing the new product. The only aim is for the target consumers to consume the product whole and not discard it in preference for a competing brand before the end of its useful lifeThe transition of loyal users to the new product (as summarized in this section) demonstrates how varying influential factors will alter the processes outlined in the Consumer Decision Process (CDP) Model. Whether it be the testimony of industry experts or the word of mouth (WOM) distribution of the positive brand image, it is clear that it will be more than possible to transmit the loyalty of the brand into the new product extension line.6.0 REFERENCESBillabong International 2004. Retrieved September 30, 2004, from http//ww w.theage.com.au/articles/2004/ 06/12/1086749947661.html?from=storylhs.Blackwell, D.R., Miniard, P.W. & Engel, J.F. 2001, Consumer Behaviour 9ED, Harcourt Inc., Florida.Defining Your Target 2004. Retrieved October 4, 2004, from http//www.usg.com/contractors/defining_your_target.asp.Herman, S. 2004, A day at the beach, Global Cosmetic Industry, vol. 172, no. 8, pp. 53-54. Retrieved October 13, 2004, from Proquest.Thomas, P. 2004, Behind the Label Suncream, The Ecologist, vol. 34, no.6, Retrieved October 13, 2004, from Proquest.

Sociology and Family Members

Family SOC hundred and one Introduction to Sociology Instructor Sheila Farr November, 12th 2012 The sociological institutions I gift chosen for this paper is family. The family is the inaugural group of deal with whom the baby has contact, and they atomic number 18 the close important, especially in the early years. They provide food, shelter, wangle, education, and support. They describe and define the populace to the developing child. They t distributively values, morals, and beliefs. (Vissing, 2011) A individual is defined by the family and they be taught how to live a certain focus, but as they grow up order start to influence their decisions.In this paper I provide guess the extend to sociological theories Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism, will have on a family. How does to each(prenominal) one opening apply to the selected sociological institution? The family is regarded as the most fundamental institution for all mortals because it is direct ly responsible for the care and protection of its members. The family consists of batch who are biologically related but whitethorn as well as rent battalion with whom we live and people with whom we have close emotional bonds. (Vissing, 2011) The federal agency Functionalism applies to a family is functionalist sociologists developed an analysis which showed that the family had evolved into a superior random variable. Studies by Murdock, Goode, and other(a)s were competent to show that the family, in changing its form, had been left free to concentrate on the most important functions. Parsons (1956) saw the two most important functions to be the brotherlyization of the young and the stabilization of the adult personality. The functionalist view of the family is the notion of fitted.The isolated nuclear family was seen to be a good fit for post-war Ameri substructure society. The family had been left free to make a good frolic of breeding the children, with more professi onal parents working alongside teachers and childcare experts. The family was also adapted to concentrate on the demanding kind surrounded by husband and wife. The family provided both the child and the adult with the physical and emotional support ingested for their business offices in society. It also provided the motivation to be successful in an industrial world which organize stress on achievement by individual effort.The functionalist account of the positively charged role of the family in society coincided with a period of strong creation support for the American family. Berger and Berger (1983) argue that this was a period when the American family was seen as a success, particularly in the way it placed the needs of the individual at the heart of family life. (Wilson, A, (1985) pg. 21) The way Conflict applies to a family is the conflict role can be intense and uncomfortable, as people feel strained to make choices between work and family.Relatives may be upset wh en major conflicts occurs such as financial pressures and money management trying to correspondence home, work, community, and personal responsibilities infidelity decision making and conflict resolution traffic with health problems ad defineing personal, educational, and occupational needs of family members maintaining a home and household traffic with substance abuse, crime, or domestic violence problems co-parenting divorce and stepfamilies and dealing with agedness parents. A family shoulders a trem polish offous responsibility and usually requires assistance from others as a result. For some people work may come first and may be seen as a violation of the role of macrocosmness a dedicated family member. Individuals may feel a sense of being damned if I do, damned if I dont, no matter what they end up doing. Often work comes first because responsible adults feel that they cannot care for their family if they lose their job.When people feel important at work and home, the y have a greater sense of generatively when they do not feel treasured or do work that isnt inherently meaningful, the feelings of stagnation and alienation occur. When people feel competent and happy, the systems perspective holds that they may transfer those feelings to other areas of life, whereas when people feel stagnant and hopeless, those feelings likewise pretend other aspects of their personal world. The way Interactionism applies to a family, Symbolic interaction theory analyzes society by addressing the inherent meanings that people impose on behaviors.A close emotional bond exists with them, what they speak out of us really matters, especially in the early years when children are being tenderized to understand both themselves and their place in the world. (Vissing, 2011) What are the similarities? What are the differences? The similarities between the theories are how they regard a family as a unit of measurement. Functionalism impact the functionality of family when everyone doing their part and there are no problems and, Conflict affects the family relationship as a whole, and Interactionism affects how the family interact with one another and other people.The differences between the theories are, functionalism is about the morals and values that are taught to a family to help them expatiate in society, Conflict is based on outside influence that impact the family, and interactionism focuses on the behaviors family members pick up from socializing with unalike groups of people. How does each theory affect the views of the individual who is part of a family? Functionalism affects the views of the as a whole family, each individual person plays a role in how the family functions in society.Conflict affects the views of the individual because that person will struggle for to be heard, they will differ and their actions will cause stress in the family. Interactionism affects the views of individual because they are teaching new things as t hey socialize with others. They may start to act and dress differently and do things they never done before. How does each theory affect the come near to social stir within the selected institution? Functionalism, see social castrates as undesirable because of the various parts of society will punish naturally for any problems that may arise.The way they approach social change is by not taking an active role in changes in their social environment, if things are going good they like for it to stay that way. blush if the family can benefit from the changes, they dont wont to expire the risk of causing problems for themselves or their family. The family prefers to let the changes happen naturally without interfering. Conflict, approach to social change is by putting the changes into perspective. The social conflict can have a positive impact, when properly understood, in promoting groups to find park ground, form alliances, define core values, and identify the differences.Inter actionism, approach to social change in family is people can chose to embrace the morals and values they were taught or reject them. Every individual has their own set of beliefs in a family and these beliefs are exercised depending on the individual. Family unit does not operate as a collective, even though it is believed to do so. Each individual in the family has different values that are attributed to age, associations, values, etc. A child could have pure(a) different view on a particular subject than their parents.Within the Sociological institution selected, how does each theory affect the views of society? Functionalism, view society as functioning best when there is pact about the social values and norms. Conflict can have a positive impact on society views, when properly understood, in promoting groups to find common ground, form alliances, define core values, and identify the differences. (Harper, N) Interactionism, society imposes a different set of values that can in fluence family member to do things different from the norm. To conclude, each theory has a different impact on a family.They each give insight into how society impacts a family and individual members. As person venture in the world they start to see things in different way. Functionalism is believed to focus on the family being close and being in accord on thing. They appear to have no problem cause of the agreement to not interact with any changes and just to let them happen and go with the flow. From a functionalist point of view, the family may change form and be rather diverse in its composition, but families have always existed and will protract to exist because what they do is so important.Children are born to people who will love and care for them, and are socialized about how to care for themselves and be a productive member of society. Families are the link to most of the other institutions. Conflict, causes a family to weight the pros and cons of different situations b ecause the child is now older and they are influenced by what they see from other social institutions. From a conflict approach, families may not pull in the support or assistance they need to adequately do all the things that are required of them.Some families function well, many need help, and other families are fragile or dysfunctional. The ability of the family to function depends on how the rest of the institutions interface with them. Conflict theorists acknowledge that the family cannot adequately do its job without contributions from the other social institutions. Interactionism, is about the habits family members pick up from socializing and being apart and around different groups of people. Symbolic interactionists focus on the messages that family members receive and impart to each other.Since the family is in the position of having the most intense interactions when childrens identities and bodies are being formed, what they say and do will have a of import impact on them (Cherlin, 2009 Benokratis, 2010 Lamanna & Riedmann, 2011). (Vissing, 2011) Reference Harper, N. Journeys into Justice Retrieved from http//www. journeysintojustice. com/author. htm Vissing, Y. (2011) Introduction to Sociology. Salem relegate University. Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Wilson, Adrian. Family. Routledge, 1985. p 21. Retrieved from http//site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/Doc? id=5003764&ppg=31

Adult Learner Assessment

hand roughly scholar Assessment T presentsa Ann Hayden, M. A. , Ed. S. Classroom Assessment in commandment Dr. Kelli Ligeikis Capella University June 15, 2011 Adult Learner Assessment Classroom mind is critical to the bill of fiter doing. As stated in Angelo and Cross, (1993) Classroom perspicacity helps individual college t severallyers stick usageful feedback on what, how much, and how considerably their pupils atomic number 18 erudition the pattern is to produce the high schoolest realiz sufficient quality of school-age child discip rakehellto help schoolchild learn much tellingly and efficiently than they could on their give birth (p. ). Student cultivation is the boilers suit end-place stage of grooming the disciple may be a child, an heavy(a), an folksy prentice, or a shital scholar regardless of which symbol of learner he or she is, the purpose is to learn brand-new concepts, topics, and opens. The mastery of that subject matter is the charge of ii the t distri b arlyivelyer and the savant.In aiming troika concepts minded(p) to come apartroom valuatements for adult learners, judging rehearses back be utilize for mensuration entry executing (placement sagaciousness), monitoring reading progress ( changeive and diagnostic judgement), or measuring end-of-instruction achievement ( philiamative appraisal) (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009, p. 14). This translates to the disciplineroom as pre-test, or p brush up (to physical composition skills, for example) on-the-spot recognition of opport building blockies for improvement, feedback and post-testing, whether its verbal, execute verb whollyy, or a nonher sagacity.Classroom perspicacity is ordinaryly, star of the last qualitys doed in the education of adult learners. However, judicial decision of a students abilities before, during, and after dogma back end excessively be performed. First, the teacher plans and prep atomic number 18s instruc tional headings which atomic number 18 in line with the instruction institution, state, and local objectives.These objectives moldiness to a fault be Guided by what the students argon anticipate to learn while the instructional objectives argon overly in accord with the discernment produced these should also be stated in terms of the student instruction execution to be demonstrated and those observ couple skills much(prenominal) as uttering, or a product such(prenominal)(prenominal) as a written subjectand typic all in ally a colour, scale, or a checklist of some suit is used (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009, pp. 43 44). Teacher Effectiveness harmonize to Effective Classroom pedagogics (2004)Effective layerroom instruction refers to the practise of the teacher in force(p)ness variables, that is, those variables that rush been demonstrated to bear the strongest relation to student achievement. These variables involve epoch on t subscribe to, content coverage, pacin g, scope and sequence, head wording, feedback, and praise. cause awaylineatic application program of these elements has been demonstrated to increase academician achievement. Behavioral outcomes ar the initial objectives in place before either of the instruction takes place.In addition, the characteristics of classroom assessment include that it is learner-centered, teacher-directed, mutually beneficial, formative, con schoolbook-specific, on sacking, and grow in good-teaching practice (Angelo and Cross, 1993, pp. 4 6). In laypersons manner of speaking, the typical activities of a teacher and where they fit into the characteristics of student-achievement learning include Teachers furnish behind use various proficiencys and tools to facilitate the learning of the students which is learner-centered.The teacher forget impart intimacy and the student bequeath obtain acquaintance is teacher directed. The opport building blocky for both teachers and adult students to me et in an purlieu conducive to learning with a ordinary goal of acquaintance the teacher to impart knowledge and the student to obtain knowledge is mutually beneficial. Using internal and external feedback to substitute lessons is formative and ongoing. The assessment on the part of the teacher comes from goal- rophyting at the commence of the turd, semester, etc. ith regard to the quantity and quality of concept and skill knowledge involve for the students to learn is context-specific. Teachers result use various techniques and tools (altering these to the microculture of the classroom) to facilitate the learning of the students is rooted in good-teaching practice (Angelo and Cross, 1993, pp. 4 6). season it may attend obvious, teacher effectiveness is tantamount to meeting and exceeding planning, executing, and analyzing for improvement instructional objectives, assessment instruments, and measuring feat objectives.When the adult student finds that all of this is perti nent to his or her ain and academic objectives, and on that point atomic number 18 instructional objectives which be interconnected to the personal and academic goals of the student, thus there is student achievement and teacher effectiveness. This is illustrated where a diagnosis of contours occurs by the teacherthis may be a pre-assessment therefore the teaching begins then the teacher may assess the situation by obtaining results from the assessment tool and whatever adjustments or modifications be call for be determined and then put into place and they the teacher assesses the learning again. See Appendix, p. 1). This is the visual flow of a teachers work-in-progress of diagnosing, teaching, and assessing results, and then modifying teaching, and then teaching, assessing, and modifying, and so on. Type and Purpose of the Assessment The type of assessment to be used is a multiple-choice question, dependable-false question, and unaw atomic number 18s-essay exam. The purpose of the exam result be to determine whether the students film mastered the concepts of honorable theories this bequeath aid them in making quick decisions in a work environment or in an h unityst dilemma. Context and discipline SituationThe class universe taught is Ethics which has several contrary honest theories available through the textbook Ethics guess and Practice textbook. The applications of the opposite honorable theories and their tenets atomic number 18 applied to dissimilar relevant scenarios. The students depart put down in class discussion and reserve their opinions freely in an open-environment. The goal here is to keep the students interest in the subject of ethics, as a whole, by victimisation assorted circumstances, where the student might contrive to curb split- twinkling ethical decisions in the work environment. This depicts the adult learner applic capability and immediate relevance.Student Demographics The student demographics inc lude the educational program of Criminal nicety with the adult students and are the adjacent 1. Ranging in age from 18 to 50 twelvemonths and beyond. 2. The gender of the group is 55% male and 45% egg-producing(prenominal) 3. Currently pursuing an undergraduate degree an Associates of accomplishment degree in Criminal Justice. 4. The academic attainment before accounting entry college of all students includes either a G. E. D. certificate or a high school diploma. 5. Some students flip completed prior college way of lifework some cast other interrelates degrees. . The adult students in this assessment are European-Ameri dejection, Hispanic-Ameri crapper, Asian-American, African-American, and Mixed Ethnicities. 7. The students come from Lower Class, Working Class, and Lower Class backgrounds. suppositious Learner Subject Taught The subject being taught in this scenario is Ethics, and the students are expect to develop sound ethical think and judgment through the break down of practical applications of ethical theories. Topics studied include ethics as it relates to deplorable nicety, health care and nursing, society, and the environment.Emphasis is on practical applications of ethical principles and analytic methods. In grumpy, the students are exposed to diametric scenarios involving reason and judgment in the context of the degree-seeking program. Learner Outcomes The adult learners are expected to learn the chase at the completion of the Ethics class 1. Apply the Consequentialist (Teleological) ethical theories to different scenarios presented as if a proponent of consequentialism. 2. Apply the Nonconsequentialist (Deontological) ethical theories to different scenarios presented as if a proponent of nonconsequentialism. . Discuss the origins of Virtue Ethics, and explain which cultures might be more predisposed to use this type of ethics due to its origin. 4. function ethical problems exploitation despotism and Relativism 5. Describe and explain the difference amid Determinism and Free Will 6. Perform critical view in ethical dilemmas using both Reward and penalisation. Adult Learner Assessment Instruments some(prenominal) type of assessment should always be congruent with the instructional objectives, as well as the content taught to those instructional objectives (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009).To assess students properly, the students essential be made aware of the instructional objectives, low gear, at the beginning of the term, while finish the framework in the syllabus, and then throughout the term, at the opening of each class meeting. This way, the students are kept on track as to what is expected of them to learn, and the daily instructional objectives are in alignment with the overall learning objectives. College and university policies should come into fun regardless of the type of assessment (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009), alone the assessment instrument can be tailored depending on the type of ma terial which is being measured.There are different types of skills which can be evaluated in any one college subject. The assessment used in this scenario is at the destination of this telephone circuit allow be cumulative, and leave assess all of the concepts using criterion-referenced assessment, which asks the question, Did the student learn the concepts? and then also using norm-referenced assessment, which checks for, How did the student fine when compared to other students cognitive operation? The Adult Learning ScenarioThe assessment used to contain the adult learners ranging in ages from eighteen to fifty plus, with dominant demographics of 75% Hispanic, and 15% European, and 10% African American, will be a closing Project, culminating the get outs learning in an Ethics program in an associates degree program in Criminal Justice. In addition, of the 75% Hispanic students, at least half of them are working as English as a second diction learners. This quarrel r uns dozen workweeks and will cover ten main ethical theories and each of their sub-theories. The specific(a) Needs StudentOverall, the adult learner has galore(postnominal) challenges in going back to school, the ESL student has even more challenges. The foundation for education and the lookout of all students is aptly stated as Many students today win that it is the teachers job to educate them, tell them what they need to know or give them the answers. Moreover, because they have been taught to be passive learners, they think that their job is to listen without guard and to try to learn as trump out as they can, and, in some cases, verbatim what they are taught.Many students, in fact, accept everything they strike as factual culture (Baitlinger, 2005, p. 1). Adult Learners in the Southwest region of the get together States, whose basic linguistic communication is typically Spanish, and English is their second language, are in good company. Often times, classrooms of adult learners are filled with several different students of many ethnicities and cultures. This is one of the beauties of reenforcement in the Southwest there are typically Spanish mouth people who are the bulk of bilingualist speakers in cities such as Vista, which is a suburb of San Diego, California, where the Ethics class is located.In this particular classroom of thirty- both, nearly 24 (75% of the class) will speak Spanish fluently some will speak English fluently, that there is also a large population who have been in the social united States for only a few eld, and there are challenges as an adult when it is tempting to stay in the native language with friends, plainly whose specializements and assessments are all either spoken, written, or lectured in English. These sideline are some of the challenges that both teacher and student hardiness when the student is English as a Second address (ESL) learner.As far as the educating of these adult learners whose Englis h language is still in the practice stage, there are many students who are very open and willing to learn the new culture, the new language, and the new academia. However, there are challenges that face many who are non so nestleable due to emotional issues such as embarrassment, shame, or resistance, which can even turn into stubbornness. The Teaching Strategies The decision maker will use the following teaching strategies throughout the extend of instruction 1. speech communication 2.Board work 3. Demonstration 4. Classroom exercises 5. Class discussion 6. casebook exercises 7. Practice quiz questions 8. Case studies and reading appellations 9. Guest speakers 10. Group and duo work 11. Verbal presentations 12. Pencil and make-up examinations In addition, all students will be required to demonstrate proper use and application of the estimator and the different software required, and the materials located in the Learning Resource digest throughout the business. The Teac hing Strategies for Special Needs StudentsThe teaching strategies for the special require students which are comprised of 75% of this class population will include not only accommodation for the ESL student in the teaching stage, but also in the assessment stage. This will be accommodations for the assessment will be covered later in the account. Many lessons may need to be repeated the teacher may need to work tenaciously side-by-side at the desk with the ESL student until he/she sees the material the teacher may exercise untrammeled patience and also need to use metaphors or analogies in fellowship to find other avenues of reaching the student.Professors can be challenged to their limit when marking an ESL adult students written study. Many times, there are intelligence operations which are used which are not words at all in forming sentences. For example, a student who has only heard the word limelight in observing his non-ESL counterparts, may mistake it for the word fai l light. This type of error can perplex a professor who is diffident of what the student is trying to convey. It isnt serious, but the point is, in order to build an assessment, the teacher essential first teach, and the student must first have lots of practice and drill with reinforcement by the teacher. other challenge for ESL adult learners is learning how to conjugate verbs many bilingual and multilingual adults have undergo this. For example, if an adult learner, who spoke English first, and he or she were attempting to learn Spanish, the result is the homogeneous with conjugation of verbs. If a child grows up with correction by his mother or father when he says, I goed to the store, with the parent saying, No, Honey, you say, I went to the store, then this child has at least 20 years of practice.This is another challenge when place any type college document many ESL adult learners will use substantially incorrect verb tenses. In addition to these challenges, most ESL learners do not have the immense mental lexicon in English that many lifelong English speakers do of bod, this is the alike for the inverse relationship and any other languages where the learner speaks a different first language and is learning another language. The estimated recognition vocabularies of fluent readers ramble from 10,000 to 100,000 words (Johnson and Steele, 1996 cite Nagy and Herman, 1987, p. 48) English or Composition teachers understand that reading, piece of music, and speaking are all tie in. In fact, students build a vocabulary by doing all of the above. Because reading is fundamental to all education and it follows that being able to save and speak the language ESL students know this because their challenges snowball into one another. The prevail Outcomes The course outcomes which align directly with the instructional objectives in each unit are what the student is expected to perform to upon completion of the course. The students should be able to 1. nvestigate the importance of sound ethical judgment and reasoning for responsible living 2. analyze significant case studies using key ethical concepts 3. believe significant ethical issues using respectful, fleet, and incisive argumentation 4. explain, defend, and assess personal ethical perspectives on issues of significance in their own lives 5. discuss application of course knowledge in professional settings in the criminal justness arena. The Course Outline The course outcomes will be achieved by the following outline of topics 1. Unit One opening to Ethics and Morality . Unit Two Consequentialist and Non-Consequentialist Theories of Morality 3. Unit Three Virtue Ethics, Absolutism, and Relativism 4. Unit quaternary Freedom, Determinism, Rewards, and Punishments 5. Unit Five Setting Up a Moral System 6. Unit Six good Applications Dishonesty 7. Unit Seven Ethical Applications Personal Relationships, Business, and the Media 8. Unit Eight Ethical Applications Abortion and B ioethics 9. Unit nightspot Ethical Applications Life and Death 10. Unit Ten Ethical Applications environmental Ethics and Course Reflection The Assessment InstrumentThe actual student assessment handout (See Appendix, p. 2) that is developed by the educator is a Final Project, which is written in a research constitution format this paper should incorporate each of the ten main ethical theories, as well as each sub- possibleness which belongs under the main ethical theory presented. The theories, along with their sub-theories, are covered, as well as the students must show that they can apply each theory to a real-life criminal justice situation, albeit hypothetical, but realistic to a situation they might find themselves in as a police enforcement officer.Directions for the Students The student must use and reference the text book, Ethics Theory and Practice, 10th edition, by Thiroux and Krasemann. The expected deliverables must be in American Psychological tie-up (APA) formatte d paper it must be between ten to twelve pages in length it must have a cover page a references page there must be no less than twenty resources used, with at least tether print books (including the textbook), and at least two peer-reviewed journal articles and lastly, there must be fifteen in-text citations.In addition, the paper must be in Arial, 12 point font, double-spaced, and written in third-person perspective there must be a thesis statement at the beginning of the paper, and to categorise the topics, there must be bold and centered sub-headings. The Page stripped and Resource minimum are non-negotiable if the see does not meet these particular criteria, then the paper will not be manikind. This project is outlay 30% of the students overall course grade.The content must include each of the ethical theories, including the sub-theory and each should be first adumbrate with a rendering of the theory or sub-theory, and at least three examples of how this theory can be ap plied. Following the definition and basic application of the theory, the student will produce an ethical dilemma in a complex scenario which might occur in the life of a uprightness enforcement officer, where each of the theories are applied as though the student is fetching on the role of the decision-maker exercising ethical judgment as a Consequentialist, Determinist, etc.Essentially, the students are putting themselves in the place of each type of ethical theorist. The student must perform this decision-making for each theory and sub-theory these theories are shown in the following split. The Ethical Theories The theories with their sub-theories are as follows as cited in Thiroux and Krasemann, (2008) 1. Consequentialism (Teleological) a. Psychological Egoism b. Ethical Egoism c. Utilitarianism d. Care Ethics 2. Nonconsequentialism (Deontological) a. mo Nonconsequentialism b. Rule Nonconsequentialism 3. Virtue Ethics a. Aristotles Nichomachean Ethics b. Confucius Ethics . Ab solutism 5. Relativism 6. Freedom and Free Will 7. Fatalism 8. Determinism a. Hard Determinism b. Soft Determinism 9. Reward 10. Punishment Directions for Special Needs Students The special needs student who is an English as a second language learner will have the same expectations for tangible deliverables as any other student. However, there will be some accommodations made. The ESL student will more time to complete the concluding examination project paper due to a slower reading-comprehension speed these students are knowing, they just have a special need, and if more time is necessary, then that is also practicable.For example, if it is warranted, the special needs student will be wedded the utmost project specifications cut sheet up to two class periods sooner than the other students. This is so that the teacher has time to explain verbally each of the instructions in a more step-by-step fashion. If a teacher has a student who is truly struggling, then it is possible for that student to be assigned additional practice assignments so that he or she can practice the concepts.Another accommodation might be to assign daily dictionary readings by the student (along with their own language dictionary), so that the students vocabulary increases, and he or she practices reading. This also whole kit with childrens books assign the student stories to read out loud to the teacher after class this will enable the student to practice his or her American accent and will help acculturate the student to the English-speaking, reading, makeup environment.Prior to the final project assignment, the teacher can take the ESL student aside to check for understanding of the directions. The teacher can also read the final project specifications to the student with an English-Spanish interpreter so that any challenge words are truly understood. In addition, the teacher can show samples of quality papers to the ESL students so that they understand the format and comprehen siveness of the assignment given them. Lastly, the ESL adult student still needs lots of encouragement.While a teacher insists on keeping this fair amongst all students in the class, it doesnt hurt to encourage these ESL students in the hall, in private, and in bm of his or her peers. Direction for Assessment executive director Since the assessment will be administered by the educator, the direction that she will follow includes 1) checking for each component required of the students as outline in the directions to the students, 2) verifying the adherence to the APA format standards using The Official Pocket Style Guide From the American Psychological Association 6th ed. Concise Rules of APA Style, in every aspect of the paper 3) confident(p) that the students used all of the ethical theories and sub-theories as depict in the directions to students, by comparison to those in the textbook, Ethics Theory and Practice, by Thiroux and Krasemann, 2009, to those that the student ou tlined in the paper, 4) Making certain that the definitions and applications for each theory is, in fact, correct, and 5) attesting that the scenario produced and the ethical decisions made are aligned with those made by each of the ethical theories and sub-theories.Assessment Items Linked to Learning Objectives The assessment items linked to the learning objectives are in table-format and illustrate each assessment item in the final project assigned and its link to the learning objectives or course outcomes outlined above. (See Appendix, p. 3 4) Assessment Consistent with Learning Environment The assessment chosen, the final project which is written as a comprehensive paper by the student is aligned with the course outcomes, as well as the course outline of units covered.In addition, the adult learners environment, whether it be in a opposite classroom or an online course is conducive to a comprehensive written paper, as this is the medium for showing definition, application, and creativity in producing scenarios, in which the concepts conditioned can be used in immediate, relevant, and real- conception situations. This is directly in line with Angelo and Cross (1993) states, Creative thinking is the ability to interweave the familiar with the new in unexpected and stimulating ways (p. 81). It is also consistent with Knowles assumptions of adult learners where An adult accumulates a growing reservoir of experience which is a teeming resource for learningthe readiness of an adult to learn is closely related to the developmental tasks of his or her special roleadults need to know wherefore they need to learn something (Knowles, 1984 1980 1968, as cited in Merriam, Caffarella, and Baumgartner, 2007).In fact, a final project in the form of a written paper is the ruff format to use the adult learners life while utilizing a performance instrument that is closely related to his or her special role. Above all, adults will find that the instrument is relevant to s omething they need to learn for their upcoming professions in criminal justice. Interpretation of ResultsInterpretation of a course assessment is the last step after administering a classroom assessment technique it is the step that the teacher is most interested in after providing the instruction able opportunities for practice and drill of concepts planning and implementing procedures which are equitable to all formulating the criteria for unceasing observation and timely and detailed one-to-one student coaching and the outline of each students improvement or the necessity for review and then the assessment tool is administered (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009).Only then can the variation of the assessment be articulated. In the adaptation step, the teacher seeks answers to the wherefore questions of the students incorrect replys (Angelo and Cross, 1993, p. 54). Because interpretation is the goal of all teaching by teachers, and the learning by students, then it is crucial that t he foundation of the teaching, the tasks and tools used, and the learning objectives are all synchronized with the assessment tool, and the interpretation of the results should align with the learning objectives.As outlined in Gronlund and Waugh (2009), assessment is an integral part of the teaching-learning-assessment process. Assessment Development and Use For the Ethics class presented, the assessment tool used is a research paper which offers the close of the entire course. This type of assessment is a criterion-referenced instrument due to the personality of the course subject, and criterion-referenced interpretation is especially important for instructional uses of assessment results (Gronlund and Waugh, p. 27).This assessment will suggest results which correlates to each individual students learning of the ethical concepts the application of said concepts to invented scenarios the application to realistic criminal justice events the proper use of the American Psychological Association (APA) format and the students research, organization, paragraph construction, and mechanics skills in using written communication. This final paper is a hybrid between the supply-response assessments which are higher in realism and can measure the ability to originate, integrate, and express ideas and the summative assessment which checks the extent to which the students have achieved the intended outcomes of the course instruction and performance assessments using extended response which includes a high degree of realism (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009, pp. 9 10 27). The supply-response speaks to the format of the final paper which is written using research, but the students must also integrate their own ideas.The summative portion is the overall assimilation of ideas and concepts to the make up scenarios, and lastly, the performance assessment illustrates the knowledge and skills necessary to perform on-the-job in a criminal justice capacity. The assessment will gauge not only the students understanding of the concepts presented, but will also measure the ability of the student to develop everyday scenarios, and ultimately, devise realistic events in which the different concepts can be applied.This may find ethical stability on the part of student-then-officer while enhancing his or her decision-making ability when faced with ethical dilemmas where the law and ethics may overlap, run parallel, or do neither in some cases. In addition, the student would be assessed on his or her written communications skills which include formatting the paper in its entirety in the APA format. The other skills which would come into play include research, organization, paragraph construction, and the overall mechanics of the paper.The quality of the content and the application of the concepts and principles would be burden more heavy at 75% of the total assessment, with the APA format, paragraph construction, and mechanics would be weighted less at 25%. Assessment Interpretation and Grading correspond to Gronlund and Waugh (2009), criterion-referenced interpretation is facilitated by assessment tasks that let a detailed explanation of student performancein performance-assessment this means performance tasks that make clear what the student can and cannot do (p. 5). Since the students have been given the final project subject, the directions for completing the final project in paper-form, the expectations for deliverables, the grading deed, and the assignments and tasks throughout the course have been tailored to learn the concepts and application necessary, then there should be no issues with what the criterion are for performing in a glorious manner.Although a grading rubric is considered an assessment tool used to grade using subjectivity, it can have a set of criteria and specific rhythmic pattern which link it to students learning objectives, which in this case, measure the students performance using a final project in research pape r format. Because assessment is an ongoing process with a student in a degree-seeking program, the rubric is aimed at accurate and fair assessment for all students, by fostering understanding, and indicating the way to proceed with subsequent learning, re-learning, and teaching and re-teaching.This is the integration of performance and feedback which occurs prior to each assessment, and during the course of the class term, so that by the time the student is nearing the end of the quarter term, he or she should be able to articulate the items presented in the rubric using the final project directions adhering to the expectations for deliverables. According to Flash (2009), when students are apprised of grading criteria from the start, they can be more obscure in the process of working toward success.According to Mansilla, Duraisingh, Wolfe, and Haynes, 2009 Rubrics are generally estimate to promote more consistent grading and to develop self-evaluation skills in students as they mo nitor their performance relative to the rubric. However, rubrics are not without their critics who are touch that rubrics can never truly capture the complexity of written work. If rubrics are to be useful, they must capture all the actual objectives of an assignment (p. ). In this case, the rubric (See Appendix, p. 5 6) is given to the students at the third week of the quarter term the directions are explained in detail with opportunity for questions answered, with the actual objectives outlined in the rubric along with final project specifications. As mentioned previous(prenominal)ly, this rubric, along with the final project specifications, is given to the student at the third week of the quarter. ConclusionIn summarizing adult learner assessment, first, it is know that the adult learner is motivated differently than other learners. Therefore, the teacher who teaches adult learners must be aware of not only the learners diversity and culture, but also his or her motivators. T hen, the teacher must identify the initial abilities of his or her class align the course objectives along with the teaching activities verify that the teaching is aligned with the assessment instruments then, analyze the results.After completion of this cycle, the educator can them adjust or modify the teacher, or the re-teaching, in this case and then the cycle starts all over again. In summarizing assessment procedures, an assessment, in and of itself, is the procedure which measures the entire student learning during a course, and the teachers teaching, facilitating, observing, and coaching, it is the interpretation of those performance results which are invaluable.As long as the educator plans for assessment during the planning of the learning, then it probable that the assessment will gauge student learning, and will meet the instructional objectives (Gronlund and Waugh, 2009). In this case, the final project is one of the crush assessment tools when measuring students cumula tive learning, this is as long as several mini-assessments are given throughout the quarter, and adjustments are made to teaching, if the students do not understand the material. In addition, an verall assessment is do on the students writing skills, as well as his or her direction to the proper writing format. However, it is possible that the assessment often generates more questions than it answers, (Angelo and Cross, 1993, p. 54) and it is superjacent upon the educator to answer these questions of whythe students respond the way they do (p. 54), during all of the previous assessments administered throughout the quarter term, so that there are few to none, by the time the final project is due.Lastly, in reflecting how the process of interpreting assessments will partake teaching, it is important to note that in teaching, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, meaning, in this case, that without analyzing the end product of learning then it is difficult to deal an ass essment tool and the types of results that can occur which makes it nearly impossible to understand how to assess students after teaching has occurred it will be fruitless to set initial learning objectives if it is not understood what it is the educators would like to teach the students and to key when they build the student pre-assessments.Each section is bound to the other in seamless alignment, with the opportunity for improvement at each juncture it is in this way that goals and classroom assessment drive everything in education, and in learning, in general. In teaching, there can be no greater impact than to learn that each of these components is critical to the goal of facilitating the obtainment of knowledge, and it is a bright insight to teachers of all philosophies, experiences, and tenure. References American Psychological Association. (2010). The official pocket mood guide from the American Psychological Association Concise rules of APA style (6th ed. Washington, DC Am erican Psychological Association. Angelo, T. A. , Cross, K. P. (1993). Classroom assessment techniques A handbook for college teachers (2nd ed. ). San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Baitlinger, K. (2005). agreeable adult learners in writing/ESL Classroom. College Quarterly, 8(1),1. Create Rubrics for your Project-Based Learning Activities. (2000 2008). Rubistar. Retrieved from http//rubistar. 4teachers. org/index. php? screen=NewRubric mental faculty=Rubistar Effective Classroom Instruction. (2004). Encyclopedia of applied psychology. Retrieved from http//www. redoreference. com. library. capella. edu/entry/estappliedpsyc/effective_classroom_instruction Flash, P. (2009). Grading writing Recommended grading strategies. Retrieved from http//writing. umn. edu/tww/responding_grading/grading_writing. html Gronlund, N. E. , Waugh, C. K. (2009). Assessment of student achievement (9th ed. ) Upper rouse River, NJ Pearson Education. Johnson, D. , Steele, V. (1996, February). So many words, so l ittle time dower college ESL learners. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy. 39, 5 ProQuest Education Journals. . 348. Mansilla, V. , Duraisingh, E. , Wolfe, C. R. , Haynes, C. (2009). Targeted assessment rubric An empirically grounded rubric for interdisciplinary writing. Journal of Higher Education. 80(3), 334-353. Merriam, S. , Caffarella, R. , Baumgartner, L. (2007). Learning in adulthood A comprehensive guide (3rd ed. ). San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. Thiroux, J. P. , Krasemann, K. W. (2008). Ethics Theory and practice (10th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. - Top of yearBottom of FormAdult Learner AssessmentRunning head ADULT prentice ASSESSMENT Adult Learner Assessment Enter Student give Here Capella University August 26, 2012 ED7712 Classroom Assessment in Education All students are familiar with assessments. They have been assessed on various levels all through primary and secondary school, and if they attended school afterward theyve experienced asses sments in postsecondary school as well. Why do we do assessments? Assessments are necessary they not only tell the teacher how well the students are doing but they also tell the instructor how well they are teaching. and there is much more to assessments than that.Assessments can be an excellent instructional method to provide understanding of what adults are learning, how they are thinking, what their progress is, and which learning problems to address (Wlodkowski, 2008). This paper will demonstrate this. The purpose of this research paper is to demonstrate an assessment of the adult learning of students who are enrolled in IS100 Introduction to Databases, a course at Two Rivers Community College. This course covers topics that include basic concepts of comparative entropybase constitutions, infobase architectures, data storage, and data mining.This course utilizes problem-based learning. Problem-based learning is an education strategy that uses problem-solving for optimal learning and is particularly useful in environments such as information technology. The benefits are twofold students not only buzz off knowledge but they also develop problem-solving skills necessary for real world application (Williams, Iglesias & Barak, 2008). Therefore the shell type of assessment for this course will include a problem-based learning assessment.The learners are students who have been allowed to enroll in this course for one of three reasons (1) it is a required course for the training Systems major, (2) it is a being taken as an elective for another major, or (3) they are undecided on which major they sine qua non to pursue and want to learn more about this aspect of information systems career path. The majority of the students who attend this course are predominately post-adolescent white males who range in ages from 18 to 23 years old and are in their first year at the community college.These students typically complete their associates degree here prior t o continuing their education to obtain a bachelors degree in either Computer Science, Information Systems Management, or Industrial Technology. However, in recent years there have been an increasing number of adult learners who are of flux nationalities, range between 28 to 35 years old, and are returning to the community college environment due to job loss or a change in career path. These individuals have chosen the community college environment because of the short duration of time to complete a degree as compared to the traditional four year university.Three Learning Outcomes The overall learning objective of this course is for students to demonstrate a fundamental understanding of database systems. To ensure this, students will be assessed on the following three learning outcomes throughout the course 1. Unit 1 Students will demonstrate an understanding of the theory, history, and evolution of the relative database. 2. Unit 2 Students will demonstrate an understanding of the fundamentals of good relational database design. 3. Unit 3 Students will demonstrate basic knowledge of data mining and storage.Adult Learner Assessment The assessment described here will be on assessing students learning after the first unit is covered. The first unit of instruction is designated for an overall view of databases. Topics include relational database theory, the history and evolution of databases, types of database shapes, database query languages, and an overview of databases in use today. It is imperative that students have a good understanding of this information before moving on the attached unit, therefore an assessment of this understanding needs to be evaluated.The two most widely used types of test items are selection-type items and supply-type items. The use of selection-type items will gauge how well the students can recognize or recall facts whereas the supply-type items will measure the more complex learning outcomes (Waugh & Gronlund, 2013). Items from both of these will be used to design the assessment to get a true measurement of students learning after unit 1. The assessment is listed in Appendix A. suit Learners With Special NeedsIn accordance to the Americans with Disability Act and the policies of Two Rivers Community College, learners with special needs will have reasonable accommodations given during assessment taking. bonnie and appropriate support services that may be needed for this course could include, but are not limited to interpreters, questions and answer choices read out loud to the student, and extra testing time. Accommodations will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and every means will be done to ensure the student has a fair chance to take the assessment.The instructor will also seek guidance from The Alliance for Access to figuring Careers (aka AccessComputing). This organization partners with postsecondary institutions to increase participation of people with disabilities to computing fields. This or ganization can provides optimal strategies for instructors to accommodate a student with special needs. Specific to assessment taking, they recommend Alternative, quiet testing locations and distraction free rooms. Alternative formats of the assessments, if needed. drawn-out test-taking time. Reading or scribe services. All of these recommendations are already available at the school. Directions for the Assessment Administrator and the Adult Learner The way in which an assessment is administered to students is especially important for good assessment outcomes. Assessment administrators play a key role in this occurring. The main role of an assessment administrator for this course includes 1) to give clear instructions to the students and 2) to prevent cheating. The following directions will be provided to the assessment administrator.The instructions for the students will be written on the test itself Administrator Prior to the class starting, ensure equal distance is between each student seat. Ensure there are no pieces of paper laying in or around the desks. When all the students have sired, separate each student with a desk between them, if possible. specialise the students why they are there and the purpose of the test. Explain how the test is displace out (10 multiple choice questions, 10 true-false questions, and 3 short answer questions) and how much time they have to complete it (50 minutes).Breaks will not be given unless extenuating circumstances would dictate otherwise. Once the student has completed the test, they are to bring the test to you and place the test face down on the desk. The student will gather their things and quietly leave the room. Interpretation of the Results of the Assessment Assessments provide the instructor with a relative be of students and a description of the learning tasks a student can and cannot perform (Waugh & Gronlund, 2013). These two items have more to do with the interpretation of the assessment results. Crite rion-referenced vs.Norm-referenced The first item is centered around an interpretation method called norm-referenced assessment whereas the second one is centered around criterion-referenced assessment. The basic difference between the two is what the results are compared to. When an instructor is using norm-referenced assessment interpretation, they are comparing each students performances with the other students in the class whereas when an instructor is using criterion-referenced interpretation, they are comparing each students performance with a predefined set of criteria (Waugh & Gronlund, 2013).Each type of interpretation serves a specific purpose. If an instructor wants to use the interpretation of assessments for instructional decision-making, they would use the criterion-referenced approach whereas if they wanted to measure the psychometric different between students, they would use the norm-referenced approach. For the purpose of this paper, the criterion-referenced approa ch will be used to interpret the results of the assessments in this course. This will ensure the students have a clear guide to their learning objectives competency.Grading For the students, assessment is about grades. Grades tell the student to what extent they are meeting the instructional objectives. However grading is just as important to the instructor. There are three guiding principles that instructors use to determine their grading system for a course 1. choose the go around reference (standard) for the basis of grading, 2. choose the best way to combine the various assessment results, 3. choose the most effective and fair grading system (Waugh & Grunlund, 2013).Similar to the assessment interpretation types noted above, when choosing the best grading standard, instructors have a choice between grading the students performance against predetermined standard (absolute grading) or against their fellow peers performance (relative grading). The most common way is to use the abs olute grading approach by designate letter grades based on a 100 point system. This will be the approach used in this course. In choosing the most effective and fair grading system, there are a number of things an instructor can do to enlist the confidence of their students.First and foremost, the instructor should be direct from the beginning with the students about their expectations of them, explain how the students will be graded, and explain the grading rubrics for the course. Lastly, the instructor should be sure to not grade based upon innate components such as learning ability, the amount of improvement a student has achieved, or lack of or improved effort. In determine the best way to combine the various assessments, each graded item must be assessed. For this course, the students will have grades for four unit tests and one problem-based course paper.Each unit assessment will count for 15% of their grade and the course paper will count for 40% of their grade. No weighte d hemorrhoid will be used. The best way to grade the students course paper was to develop a scoring rubric. For the problem-based course paper, students are given a completed database to study. Utilizing the Classroom Assessment Technique called Problem Recognition Tasks (Angelo & Cross, 1993), they students are to 1. determine if it meets the definition of a relational database, 2. elect and explain one relational database theory about their database (i. e. the relational model, dependency, normalization), 3. determine what database program language was used to gain it, 4. discuss database design model, and 5. explain one technique theyd use to conjure data from it. The scoring rubric and letter grades for the course paper is below. Criteria2 points1 point0 points Determine if the database meets the definition of a relational database and provides supporting research to explain their reasoning for the decision. aright determines if the database meets the definition of a relatio nal database and provides supporting research to explain their reasoning the decision. Correctly determines if the database meets the definition of a relational database and but doesnt provide supporting research to explain their reasoning the decision. Doesnt correctly determines if the database meets the definition of a relational database. Thoroughly explains one relational database theory about their database. amply explains one relational database theory about their database. Somewhat explains one relational database theory about their database. Doesnt explain one relational database theory about their database. Correctly identifies the programming language use to take the database and thoroughly explains the programming language with supporting documentation. Correctly identifies the programming language used to create the database and thoroughly explains the programming language with supporting documentation. Correctly identifies the programming language used to create th e database and but doesnt thoroughly explain the programming language with supporting documentation. Doesnt correctly identify the programming language used to create the database. Correctly identifies the database design model used to create the database and thoroughly explains the model with supporting documentation. Correctly identifies the database design model used to create the database and thoroughly explains the model with supporting documentation. Correctly identifies the database design model used to create the database but doesnt thoroughly explain the model with supporting documentation. Doesnt correctly identify the database design model used to create the database. Thoroughly explains what technique theyd use to extract data out of it. Thoroughly explains what technique theyd use to extract data out of it. Somewhat explains what technique theyd use to extract data out of it. Doesnt explain a technique theyd use to extract data out of it. Course Paper Letter Grades 9- 10 pts = A7-8 pts = B5-6 pts = C3-4 pts = D0-2 pts = F A series of steps were taken to arrive at the scoring rubric. First, the intended learning outcomes were evaluated and used to construct the items needed to be graded on.Second, the focus of the assessment was determined by ascertain where the emphasis should be placed. It was determined that it should be focused on a process of examining a database for certain attributes. Third, it had to be determined if this would take the form of a paper-and-pen test or a practical exam. It was determined it would be best to be a paper-and-pen test due to the time constraints of such a task. Forth, the performance situation was determine to be a identification test because the students need to be able to do this in a real world setting.Lastly, the method of observation chosen is the scoring rubric because they will provide the instructor with an objective scoring guideline, and they will give the students a clear guideline of what is expect ed of their final paper. (Waugh & Gronlund, 2013). In conclusion, the goal of this paper was to demonstrate assessment in an information technology course at a community college. The overall goal of instructing is to provide the highest possible quality of learning. Assessments, in forms of varying degrees, can be utilized to ensure this is happening.Specifically, the problem solving assessment described here will be a driving force in directing students efforts toward critical thinking and real world applications. Appendix A IS100 Introduction to Databases Unit 1 Assessment Name ______________________________________ Date ____________________ Assessment Instructions This test is being given to assess your understanding of the theory, history, and evolution of the relational database. The Assessment Administrator will monitor your progress during the est to ensure students are completing their own work and not sharing their responses with others. Multiple Choice Directions For each of the following multiple-choice questions, please select the best answer for each question and circle the letter to the left of the answer you have chosen as the most appropriate response. challenge 1 Which of the following databases was an early executing of the relational model developed by E. F. Codd ? A. IDMS B. DB2 C. dBase-II D. Rbase skepticism 2 An online commercial site such as Amazon. om is an example of a(n) A. single-user database B. multiuser database C. e-commerce database D. data mining database suspicion 3 Which of the following was the first to implement true relational algebra in a database? A. IDMS B. dBase-II C. Oracle D. Rbase distrust 4 The acronym SQL stands for A. Structured Query Language B. Sequential Query Language C. Structured Question Language D. Sequential Question Language Question 5 The following are functions of a relational database draw A. creating and impact forms B. creating databases C. rocessing data D. administrating databases Ques tion 6 Which of the following databases implemented the CODASYL DBTG model? A. IDMS B. dBase-II C. DB2 D. Rbase Question 7 All the following are database models except A. Spreadsheet Model B. Relational Model C. ranked Model D. Object-Oriented Model Question 8 Todays banking systems use this type of database A. Analytic database B. Operational database C. Network database D. Hierarchical database Question 9 The term Relational Database Management System (RDMS) was coined during the A. 1950sB. mid-sixties C. 1970s D. 1980s Question 10 All of the following are popular database query languages except A. SQL B. OQL C. XML D. MySQL True-False Directions For each of the following true-false questions, indicate a True response by circling the T next to the question and a False response by circling the F next to the question being answered. Question 1 A database is called self describing because it contains a description of itself. T F Question 2 One of the reasons why OODBMS is no longe r used for todays businesses is because OOP is obsolete. T FQuestion 3 In an enterprise database system, users interact with database applications, which directly access the database data. T F Question 4 Microsoft Access is a database management system. T F Question 5 Prior to 1970, all data was stored in separate files, which were mostly stored on reels of magnetic tape. T F Question 6 SQL is an internationally recognized standard language that is understood by all database management system products worldwide. T F Question 7 Databases that contain historical and summarized information are usually called data warehouses. T FQuestion 8 As bequest file-based systems and applications become candidates for reengineering, the trend is overwhelmingly in favor of replacing file-based systems and applications with database systems and applications. T F Question 9 A central focus of database theory is on understanding the complexity and power of query languages and their connection to logi c. T F Question 10 The Object Oriented database model is best described by organizing data into a tree-like structure, implying a single upward link in each record to describe the nesting, and a sort field to keep the records in a particular order in each same-level list.T F Short Answer Directions For each question, hand write your answer below each question. If additional paper is needed, please ask the Assessment Administrator. 1. in brief explain three of the twelve rules of E. F. Cobbs relational database theory. 2. Briefly explain the three views (schema) of a DBMS. 3. List two advantages and two disadvantages of using a DBMS. References AccessComputing. The Alliance for Access to Computing Careers. Retrieved September 9, 2012 from http//www. washington. edu/accesscomputing. Angelo, T. A. , & Cross, K. P. (1993).Classroom Assessment Techniques A Handbook for College Teachers (2nd ed. ). San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Waugh, C. K. , & Gronlund, N. E. (2013). Assessment of student achievement (10th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education. Williams, P. J. , Iglesias, J. & Barak, M. (2008). Problem based learning Application to technology education in three countries. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 18( 4), 319 335. Wlodkowski, R. J. (2008). Enhancing adult indigence to learn A comprehensive guide for teaching all adults (3rd ed. ). San Francisco Jossey-Bass.